JAK抑制劑:未來療法的革命性突破




JAK抑制劑臨床試驗管道顯示出強勁的潛力,超過50家主要製藥公司積極參與治療領域

JAK抑制劑正在徹底改變多種疾病的治療格局,從自身免疫疾病到癌症。這些小分子通過精確針對JAK-STAT通路,干擾促進炎症和腫瘤進展的異常信號。隨著研究揭示新應用,JAK抑制劑站在下一代療法的最前沿,開啟了免疫學和腫瘤學前所未有的潛力。

JAK抑制劑管道報告的主要要點

DelveInsight的《JAK抑制劑管道洞察2025》報告提供了全球範圍內各階段臨床開發的JAK抑制劑的全面覆蓋,主要製藥公司正致力於推進JAK抑制劑管道的未來增長潛力。

– DelveInsight的JAK抑制劑管道報告顯示,超過50家活躍的參與者正在開發55種以上的JAK抑制劑。
– 主要的JAK抑制劑公司包括Incyte Corporation、Aclaris Therapeutics、Sareum、Takeda、AstraZeneca、Ajax Therapeutics、Pfizer、GSK、Dizal Pharmaceutical、Confluence Life Sciences、Celon Pharma、Arcutis Biotherapeutics、Reistone Biopharma等,這些公司正在評估新的JAK抑制劑藥物以改善治療格局。
– 有前景的JAK抑制劑如Povorcitinib、CPL409116、ATI-2138、SDC 1802、Zasocitinib、AZD 4604、INCB-160058、Ritlecitinib、Momelotinib、DZD4205等正在不同階段的臨床試驗中。
– 2024年10月,Pelabresib與ruxolitinib聯合使用顯示出對JAK抑制劑未治療的骨髓纖維化患者的益處,顯著減少脾腫大,改善未曾用Janus激酶抑制劑治療的貧血。
– 2024年9月,Eli Lilly和EVA Pharma宣布,兩家公司已同意到2030年在49個低中收入國家為約20,000人擴大baricitinib的使用。

JAK抑制劑概述

Janus激酶(JAK)抑制劑是小分子,通常約400 Da,可口服給藥。JAK是與細胞因子受體的細胞內區域相聯繫的磷酸轉移酶,促進信號傳遞以激活免疫反應。利用JAK進行信號傳遞的細胞因子包括各種白介素、干擾素、集落刺激因子及類激素細胞因子如紅血球生成素。這些細胞因子與信號通過四種JAK(JAK1、JAK2、JAK3和TYK2)的不同組合的受體相互作用。

第一代JAK抑制劑,如tofacitinib和baricitinib(以及用於犬類的oclacitinib),同時抑制多個JAK,從而阻止廣泛的細胞因子。這些全JAK抑制劑正被探索作為多種自身免疫疾病的潛在治療方案。

JAK-STAT信號通路由I型和II型細胞因子受體以及干擾素和生長因子的受體使用。由於這些受體缺乏內在酶活性,因此依賴JAK進行下游信號傳遞和隨後的基因表達調控。JAK的名字來源於羅馬神祇Janus,象徵著JAK在從細胞表面向內部傳遞信號中的角色。

在細胞因子結合後,受體會發生交叉連接,觸發相關JAK之間的轉磷酸化。這些活化的JAK隨後磷酸化受體的細胞內尾部,創建STAT(信號轉導和轉錄激活因子)蛋白的對接位點,這些蛋白通常存在於細胞質中。JAK磷酸化這些STAT,促使它們從受體上解離,形成同源或異源二聚體,並遷移到細胞核,在那裡它們作為轉錄因子調控基因表達。

JAK活性的失調——無論是通過激酶功能的增加還是減少——都可能導致各種病理狀況,包括免疫缺陷、炎症性疾病、血液學異常、自身免疫疾病、骨髓增生性綜合症和對感染的易感性增加。JAK失調可能由基因易位、遺傳或體細胞點突變、受體改變或調控蛋白如SOCS或磷酸酶的變化引起。

JAK抑制劑的發展徹底改變了對各種疾病的治療方法,從惡性腫瘤到自身免疫疾病。最初這些抑制劑是為了治療罕見的血液疾病而引入的,現在則擴展到更廣泛的應用,包括癌症和常見的自身免疫疾病。

隨著對JAK活性與各種疾病之間的強烈聯繫的認識加深,設計JAK特異性抑制劑以治療骨髓增生性疾病和癌症,或作為免疫抑制劑的興趣日益增長。結構生物學的進展顯著促進了這些抑制劑的合理設計,近年來,所有酶活性JAK激酶域的晶體結構已與各種ATP競爭性抑制劑複合體的形式被闡明。

評論與展望

JAK抑制劑的研究和開發無疑是當前生物醫學領域的一大亮點。這些藥物不僅為自身免疫疾病的患者帶來了新的希望,還在癌症治療中顯示出潛力。隨著越來越多的製藥公司進入這一領域,未來的臨床試驗將可能揭示更多的應用和療效。然而,這也引發了對於藥物安全性和長期效果的關注,特別是在大規模應用於不同人群時。因此,持續的監測和研究將是確保這些療法安全有效的關鍵。隨著科技的進步,我們期待看到JAK抑制劑在臨床上的進一步突破,為患者帶來更好的治療選擇。

以上文章由特價GPT API KEY所翻譯及撰寫。而圖片則由FLUX根據內容自動生成。

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