ASML市值蒸發1300億 美中晶片戰波及供應鏈




Nvidia供應商ASML市值一年蒸發逾1,300億美元 中國出口限制及特朗普關稅不明朗成主因

ASML市值一年大跌 出口中國受限成主因

荷蘭半導體巨頭ASML Holding N.V.(ASML)過去一年市值大幅縮水,損失超過1,300億美元,主要受制於向中國出口的限制,以及美國前總統特朗普重推關稅政策的不確定性。

根據S&P Capital IQ數據,ASML市值自去年7月高峰的4,295億美元,跌至現時不足2,970億美元。整個半導體行業近期波動加劇,源於美國對中國芯片出口設限,以及特朗普有意重推新關稅的威脅。作為Nvidia(英偉達,NVDA)的重要供應商,ASML在全球半導體供應鏈中佔有關鍵地位,受影響尤為明顯。

ASML是全球唯一能生產極紫外光(EUV)光刻機的企業,這些先進設備無法出口到中國,直接打擊公司銷售表現。

ODDO BHF股票研究主管Stephane Houri指出:「行業內所有設備製造商股價都下跌,因為市場將對中國出口的所有恐懼都集中在這些公司身上。」

分析師仍看好ASML 高端設備投資未停步

儘管面對挑戰,分析師普遍對ASML未來仍持樂觀態度,目標價定於779歐元以上,較周二收市價有約17%升幅空間。

ASML過去十年持續投資高端芯片製造設備,特別是高數值孔徑(High NA)光刻機,每部售價超過4億美元。這些機器對先進芯片生產至關重要,但ASML現時無法對中國銷售這類設備,進一步壓縮了公司潛在收入。

高層警告關稅風險 中國業務比例預期持續下滑

今年4月,ASML財務總監Roger Dassen在分析師電話會議中提到,關稅政策可能對2025年公司表現構成壓力。早於1月,行政總裁Christophe Fouquet已向CNBC透露,預計2025年ASML在中國的業務佔比會較2023、2024年進一步下跌,原因正是出口限制。

即使如此,ASML對2025及2026年的增長機會依然充滿信心,特別是三星及英特爾(Intel, INTC)等大客戶正積極投資新一代芯片製造技術。

截至本年度,ASML股價按年上升8.05%,周二收於756.79美元,但過去一年累計下跌23.7%。

編輯評論:半導體地緣政治風險 全球供應鏈新常態?

ASML這次市值大幅蒸發,無疑揭示出半導體產業已經深陷地緣政治與科技冷戰的漩渦。美國對中國的技術封鎖,並非單純針對中國企業,更直接衝擊像ASML這類全球技術領導者。ASML的EUV技術是現代高端芯片的命脈,這一獨家優勢過去帶來巨大利潤,如今卻成為地緣政治角力的犧牲品。

值得注意的是,ASML縱然短期受壓,但其技術護城河極深。中國短期內難以自研替代EUV機器,歐美日韓等主要半導體國家對ASML的需求仍然殷切。這解釋了為何分析師對其中長線前景仍然看好。

但更深層的問題是,全球半導體供應鏈正逐步「去全球化」,各國都想自給自足,減少對外依賴。這對ASML來說,是機會也是風險——一方面,先進國家會加速投資本地產能,ASML可望受惠;但若中國成功自研類似設備,或美國進一步限制技術出口,ASML的增長空間亦會受壓。

對香港和亞洲投資者來說,ASML的故事是一個警示:科技股的風險不僅來自市場週期,還有國際政治的不可控因素。未來投資半導體產業,除了看技術和財務數據,更要密切關注全球政策風向。這場「芯片戰爭」遠未結束,ASML只是其中一個縮影。

延伸閱讀:
Nvidia、AMD或將受益於日本提出70億美元芯片交易,應對特朗普關稅及中國出口限制

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