AI 助力早期檢測被忽視的鈉絲蟲感染

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這種被遺忘的寄生蟲比你想像中更常見——AI能協助檢測嗎?

患者感染血吸蟲病的血樣中藏有標記疾病不同階段的隱藏信息。

我們最近發表的研究中,團隊利用機器學習揭示這些隱藏信息,改善感染的早期檢測和診斷。

血吸蟲病的傳播

引發血吸蟲病的寄生蟲需要在兩個宿主中完成其生命週期——首先在螺類中,然後是在哺乳動物如人類、狗和鼠類中。淡水蠕蟲的卵通過皮膚進入人體,並在體內流竄,損害多個器官,包括肝臟、腸道、膀胱和尿道。當這些幼蟲到達連接腸道和肝臟的血管時,它們成熟為成蟲,並釋放出卵子,隨著感染者的排泄物排出,繼續傳播週期。

由於診斷目前依賴於在糞便中檢測卵子,醫生通常會錯過感染的早期階段。當卵子被檢測出時,患者通常已經處於疾病的晚期。由於診斷率不佳,公共衛生官員通常會對受影響地區的人群大規模施用藥物吡喹酮。然而,吡喹酮無法清除感染早期階段的幼蟲,也無法防止再次感染。

研究的發現

我們的研究為改善早期檢測和診斷提供了明確的方向,通過識別血液中顯示活躍早期感染的隱藏信息。

身體對血吸蟲病感染的反應是調動多種類型的免疫細胞以及專門針對蠕蟲和卵子分泌或存在的分子的抗體。我們的研究引入了兩種篩選抗體特徵以標示早期感染的方法。

第一種是檢測免疫反應的定量和定性特徵,包括各類抗體及其如何與其他免疫細胞溝通的特性。這使我們能夠識別出區分未感染患者和早期及晚期病患的免疫反應特徵。

其次,我們開發了一種新的機器學習方法,分析抗體以識別與疾病階段和嚴重程度相關的潛在免疫反應特徵。我們在感染和未感染患者的免疫數據上訓練了模型,並在未使用於訓練的數據和來自不同地理位置的數據上進行測試。我們不僅識別出疾病的生物標誌,還找到了潛在的感染機制。

重要性

血吸蟲病是一種被忽視的熱帶病,影響全球超過2億人,每年導致28萬人死亡。早期診斷可以提高治療效果並防止嚴重疾病。

此外,與許多機器學習方法不同,我們的方法是可解釋的,這意味著它可以提供關於疾病如何發展的洞察,而不僅僅是識別疾病標誌,並指導未來的早期診斷和治療策略。

未知的領域

我們識別的血吸蟲病感染特徵在兩大洲的兩個地理區域內保持穩定。未來的研究可以探索這些生物標誌在其他人群中的應用。

此外,我們的研究確定了一種潛在的疾病進展機制。我們發現針對蠕蟲表面特定蛋白的特定免疫反應標誌著感染的中間階段。了解免疫系統對這種未被充分研究的抗原的反應可以改善診斷和治療。

下一步

除了加深我們對免疫系統如何應對不同感染階段的理解,我們的發現還識別出關鍵抗原,這可能為設計成本效益高且有效的診斷和治療方法鋪平道路。我們的下一步將包括實地部署這些策略,以進行疾病的早期檢測和管理。

編者評論

這項研究展示了如何利用機器學習來解決被忽視的熱帶病的早期診斷問題。血吸蟲病的全球影響不容小覷,而創新的AI技術提供了一個新的解決途徑。這不僅為科學研究提供了新的視角,還強調了跨學科合作的重要性。未來的挑戰在於將這些實驗室成果轉化為實際應用,尤其是在資源有限的地區。如何推廣和落實這些技術,將是改善全球公共健康的一大關鍵。

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