AI監控歐盟邊境:難民權益受威脅?人工智能邊境應用惹議

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從監控到自動化:人工智能技術在歐盟邊界的應用

專家告訴Euronews Next,人工智能(AI)系統在邊界的應用對移民權利的影響需要更多關注。隨著歐盟領導人在布魯塞爾會議中表示需要繼續探索遏制不規則移民的新方法,專家呼籲引起對如何利用AI和自動監控程序的注意,這些程序可能在歐洲的邊界使用。

據報導,目前有12個歐盟國家正在測試自動邊界控制系統或基於AI的系統。英國華威大學的副教授德里亞·奧茲庫爾(Derya Ozkul)指出,這些技術對移民權利的影響尚不明朗。

奧茲庫爾在一次採訪中表示:“移民在這個領域基本上被當作小白鼠。”她強調,系統的故障和問題都成為移民需要面對的障礙,而責任卻無法追究。

AI技術在歐盟邊界的具體應用

奧茲庫爾表示,AI技術目前主要用於支持庇護申請者的處理。德國聯邦移民和難民辦公室(BAMF)使用的一項AI工具是自動語言和方言識別軟件,該軟件可以根據兩分鐘的語音錄音協助官員確認移民的原籍國。

BAMF向Euronews Next發表聲明,該軟件可以識別五種主要的阿拉伯方言:埃及方言、海灣方言、伊拉克方言、黎凡特方言和馬格里布方言,並可能在未來擴展到更多方言。該工具用於驗證申請人在聽證會上提供的信息,但僅在“特殊情況下使用”。

該部門表示,2023年在334,000份申請中使用了43,593次方言識別。AI還幫助邊界官員識別庇護聽證會中的“安全相關事實”,決策者可以編輯、補充或刪除AI標記的信息,確保“人類做出決定,而不是AI”。

奧茲庫爾指出,移民通常不知道他們的庇護案件將使用自動化或AI進行處理。她表示:“[移民]通常對系統如何處理他們的申請一無所知,並且在這個過程中沒有發言權。”

歐盟的AI項目

歐盟已經在一些AI項目上進行了投資。其中一個是“Centaurus”項目,該項目在希臘的拘留設施中運行,通過安裝具有行為分析算法的監控攝像頭來檢測群體的非法行為,並使用無人機評估拘留設施內的移民行為,這一過程“無需人類干預”。

此外,歐盟還投資了“Hyperion”系統,該系統利用生物識別指紋數據來簡化進出拘留設施的程序。希臘國家人權委員會主席瑪麗亞·加沃內利(Maria Gavouneli)稱這是一項“主要的監控行動,受到歐盟的協調和資助”。

她表示,Evros地區使用的多數監控技術也可以用於國防,這一趨勢在未來幾年將會“加劇”。加沃內利指出:“我們將面臨的主要問題是透明度和問責制的問題。”

歐盟還投資了一些AI支持的項目來檢測移民走私,例如COMPASS2020項目,該項目使巡邏船能夠自主發射水下無人機以增強監控範圍。另一個名為PROMENADE的項目則使用AI來改善海洋監控和數據分析。

對未來的展望

根據2020年的白皮書,歐盟未來可能會在邊界擴大AI的使用,幾個關鍵領域包括自動指紋和面部識別、AI生成的情緒檢測、基於算法的移民風險評估,以及AI對趨勢的監控等。

這些技術的應用無疑會引發一系列倫理和法律問題,尤其是在移民權益保障方面。隨著AI技術的進一步發展,如何平衡安全需求與人權保障將成為歐盟面臨的重要挑戰。在這個快速變化的時代,對於政策制定者而言,確保透明度和問責制是至關重要的,以避免在追求效率的同時犧牲基本人權。

以上文章由特價GPT API KEY所翻譯及撰寫。而圖片則由FLUX根據內容自動生成。

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