美泰遭美國AI晶片出口限制疑防中國走私

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美國或將針對馬來西亞及泰國加強AI晶片出口限制 防止中國透過東南亞走私

據知情人士透露,特朗普政府正草擬一項針對馬來西亞和泰國的AI晶片出口限制措施,目的是防止中國藉由這兩個東南亞國家走私先進半導體。這項消息源自彭博社,並指出美國商務部目前正起草相關規則,計劃將馬來西亞和泰國納入現有出口管制體系,並配合對潛在晶片轉運行為的持續調查。

據悉,這份草案主要針對中國,因美國已經禁止Nvidia等公司的先進AI處理器出口至中國,而中國有可能透過馬來西亞、泰國等中介國家取得相關元件。若計劃落實,這將成為特朗普政府對半導體貿易政策進行重大改革的第一步。

馬來西亞成為科技投資新熱點 美國限制或重創數十億美元區內投資

這項潛在限制出台之際,正值馬來西亞成為全球科技投資的關鍵樞紐。甲骨文(Oracle)、Google、微軟(Microsoft)及亞馬遜(Amazon)等科技巨頭已承諾於2038年前在馬來西亞數碼基建投資合共169億美元,單是甲骨文就投放65億美元於當地首個公有雲區域。根據Trendforce的報告,近期出口至馬來西亞的晶片數量亦大幅上升,引起美國官員關注這些先進半導體或被轉運至中國。

新加坡走私案引發連鎖反應 馬泰兩國或被納入出口管制

美國加強出口監管的背景,還包括新加坡近期爆出的走私案。三名男子被控涉嫌將Nvidia先進晶片經新加坡轉運至中國AI公司DeepSeek。涉案的伺服器由Dell Technologies及Super Micro Computer供應,先運送至新加坡本地公司,再流向馬來西亞。新加坡內政部長尚穆根表示,若馬來西亞公司被證實涉案,當地政府將採取「必要行動」。值得注意的是,這份草案標誌著美國政策與拜登時代有明顯分歧。新措施擬同時撤銷拜登時期具爭議性的AI全球擴散規則,該規則曾遭美國盟友及Nvidia等科技企業反對。

美國商務部長Lutnick早前表示,未來美國將允許盟國購買AI晶片,但前提是必須由美國認可的數據中心營運商負責運作。不過,新草案並未全面解決美國晶片於海外數據中心的安全條件,尤其對中東地區的影響備受關注。

業界緩衝措施及例外條款 減低對供應鏈衝擊

考慮到對正常商業運作的潛在衝擊,草案設有過渡條款。美國及數十個「友好國家」總部的企業,在新規實施後數月內,仍可繼續無需申請出口許可證,向馬來西亞及泰國出口AI晶片。同時,部分例外條款亦會保留,以免供應鏈斷裂。現時,許多半導體企業依賴東南亞設施進行封裝等重要製程,這些程序對晶片最終應用至關重要。

馬泰官方審慎回應 Nvidia否認晶片轉運證據

面對美國有關走私風險的質詢,泰國政府表示將等待細節公布,而馬來西亞投資、貿易及工業部則強調,科技界需要明確且一致的政策。Nvidia方面則拒絕評論,行政總裁黃仁勳早前曾表示,並無證據顯示AI晶片有被轉運,但未有針對任何國家作出具體回應。

東南亞地緣政治壓力加劇 AI出口管制成美中博弈新戰場

這項草案突顯美國對AI技術及出口管控的地緣政治角力。華盛頓多年來一直爭論,哪些國家應獲准進口美國AI晶片,以及應設哪些條件。一方面,全球市場對Nvidia硬件需求殷切,美方亦希望各國在中國推出具競爭力替代品前,先行採用美國技術。

值得一提的是,新加坡現時是Nvidia僅次於美國的第二大市場,佔其最新財政年度總收入18%。但實際上,新加坡僅佔Nvidia總出貨量不足2%,主要是作為區內其他國家銷售的開票中心。

美國政策兩難:圍堵中國還是削弱自身影響力?

目前草案尚未最終定稿,亦未知特朗普政府會否將出口限制擴展至更多國家。美國商務部對彭博查詢未有回應。今次措施反映美國科技政策的根本矛盾:一方面希望遏制中國AI能力,另一方面又不想削弱自身在全球科技領域的影響力。若限制馬來西亞及泰國這兩個美國科技投資重鎮,反而可能促使區內夥伴尋找其他供應商,甚至加劇全球科技生態分裂。

對馬來西亞及泰國而言,挑戰遠不止於合規層面。兩國既要證明自己有能力成為可信賴的AI基建樞紐,同時又要應對其地理位置成為繞過制裁的天然通道。這場博弈的結果,勢必影響其他東南亞國家未來AI發展策略的走向。

馬來西亞及泰國國旗並列

編輯評論:美國科技圍堵策略的「雙刃劍」效應

美國針對馬來西亞及泰國的AI晶片出口限制,表面上是針對中國的科技崛起,但其實亦暴露出美國科技圍堵策略的「雙刃劍」效應。首先,現代半導體產業供應鏈高度全球化,東南亞早已成為晶片封裝、測試等關鍵工序的樞紐。美國一旦收緊出口限制,不單止中國難以取得先進AI硬件,連帶馬來西亞、泰國本地的正規科技投資、創新發展都可能受阻,甚至影響全球數據中心及雲端產業的佈局。

其次,這反映出美國對於「盟友信任」的微妙矛盾。美國一方面希望盟國協助圍堵中國,另一方面又對盟國能否有效執行出口管制缺乏信心,最終甚至將盟友一併納入監管黑名單。這種「寧可錯殺」的策略,長遠或會削弱美國在全球科技話語權,令東南亞國家傾向尋求中國、歐洲其他技術合作夥伴,導致「科技冷戰」格局進一步固化。

最值得留意的是,這場博弈並非單純的貿易或科技競賽,更深層次是「信任」與「主權」的較量。馬來西亞、泰國等新興科技國家,未來必須在「吸引國際投資」和「維護國家自主」之間尋找平衡。美國的圍堵政策,最終會否反令全球科技產業出現「去美化」趨勢?這將是未來幾年值得關注的重大議題。

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