華為挑戰英偉達AI霸權?未來誰主沉浮?

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華為會唔會真係威脅到Nvidia嘅AI帝國?

Nvidia行政總裁黃仁勳最近罕有地公開警告,雖然Nvidia嘅AI技術「領先一代」,但中國對手華為「已經搞掂中國市場」,如果美國出口管制繼續限制美企參與中國呢個全球第二大經濟體,華為就會成為中國AI領域嘅主導者。呢番說話突顯咗全球科技競賽嘅核心矛盾:美國想拖慢中國科技崛起,反而可能加速咗中國自主強敵嘅誕生。

黃仁勳嘅評論,正好點出AI產業嘅最大戰場。Nvidia依靠其AI晶片霸權,市值高達3萬億美元。但隨住美國收緊限制,國家隊華為迅速崛起,成為中國AI國產化嘅旗手,令人質疑Nvidia護城河仲可以守幾耐,未來全球AI格局又會點樣變。

Nvidia點解可以一枝獨秀?

Nvidia唔止係靠晶片快咁簡單,佢嘅霸主地位其實建立喺過去20年打造嘅完整生態圈,業界叫做「護城河」。最核心就係CUDA,呢個專有軟件平台令開發者可以發揮Nvidia GPU嘅平行運算威力。全球有數以百萬計開發者學識用CUDA,而大部分AI研究同應用,包括PyTorch、TensorFlow等主流框架,都優化咗用Nvidia平台。用開Nvidia嘅開發者,要轉平台成本極高。

除咗CUDA,Nvidia仲提供「全棧式」解決方案,包括頂尖GPU(例如H100、Blackwell系列)、專有高速互聯(NVLink),可以將成千上萬顆GPU連成一部超級電腦。呢種系統級整合對大規模AI訓練至關重要,競爭對手幾乎無法複製。

美國出口管制點改變咗戰局?

美國策略係喺半導體供應鏈設立「卡脖子」位,唔畀中國攞到最先進技術。最初係禁售Nvidia頂級AI晶片H100,之後擴展到先進光刻機(EUV),而呢啲機器全球得荷蘭ASML一間公司賣。

為咗應對,Nvidia推出咗降級版、合規晶片(例如H20)俾中國,但美國政府2025年4月再收緊規則,連呢啲「閹割版」都要申請牌照。Nvidia因此要為中國庫存減值55億美元,基本上係被踢出中國未來幾年預計規模達500億美元嘅AI市場。呢啲限制一方面推動中國加速自給自足,另一方面為國產廠商(如華為)創造咗巨大空間。

華為嘅挑戰有幾勁?

華為曾經因美國制裁幾乎玩完手機業務,但而家已經捲土重來,變成中國「晶片戰」嘅國家隊。靠住國家大力支持,華為積極發展完整AI硬件棧,對標Nvidia。佢哋嘅昇騰系列AI處理器(特別係910B、910C)已經獲得字節跳動、騰訊等中國科技巨頭採用。

2025年4月,華為發布CloudMatrix 384計算系統,可以連接384顆昇騰910C晶片。根據部分指標,呢套系統計算力同記憶體容量甚至超越Nvidia旗艦GB200 NVL72機櫃,不過耗電量高四倍。華為據報每年可以生產超過一百萬顆昇騰晶片,足夠建幾千個AI集群。雖然產量仍遠遠不及Nvidia,但中國而家已經有能力自產大型AI訓練所需硬件,呢個局面幾年前仲未出現。黃仁勳都承認,華為最新技術已經可以同Nvidia H200(前一代最強AI晶片)媲美。

中國真係可以建立自主生態圈?

要真正威脅Nvidia,唔止要有硬件,仲要有同CUDA競爭嘅軟件生態。呢個正正係中國最大難關。華為主推自家CANN(計算架構神經網絡)平台,但要將大量開發者由成熟、優化咗嘅CUDA生態圈拉過嚟,難度極高,可能要好多年。

另外,中國喺關鍵製造環節仍然依賴外國技術。中國最大晶圓廠中芯國際(SMIC)雖然已經可以生產7納米晶片(華為Mate 60手機就用咗),但靠嘅係較舊嘅深紫外(DUV)光刻技術。要進一步做到3納米甚至更細,必須用EUV光刻機,而全球只有ASML供應。隨住美國向荷蘭施壓,限制ASML賣機俾中國,北京要自研EUV機仲有幾年路要行。

不過,唔係所有AI突破都要靠最尖端晶片。中國初創DeepSeek最近震撼業界,用遠少於西方對手嘅算力訓練出世界級AI模型。呢個突破證明,演算法同軟件優化有機會部分彌補硬件劣勢,令中國即使製程落後都可以保持競爭力。

全球AI格局會點變?

美國策略實際上推動咗全球AI供應鏈分裂成兩大陣營:一邊係以Nvidia為核心嘅美國陣營,一邊係以華為為主導嘅中國陣營。黃仁勳警告,強迫中國佔全球一半AI研究人員用國產平台,長遠可能對美國科技領先地位帶來意想不到嘅後果。

同時,地緣政治動盪亦帶動「主權AI」新潮流。由中東到歐洲,越來越多國家投資數十億美元打造本土AI基建,避免受制於美國或中國。呢個趨勢開拓咗新市場,Nvidia有機會靠呢啲新客戶彌補中國損失,減少對美國科技巨頭依賴。雖然Nvidia暫時仍然係AI硬件無可爭議嘅王者,但中國國家隊華為加速追趕,再加上市場保護,Nvidia霸權未來一定會受到挑戰。

編輯評論:全球AI霸權的「雙城記」與香港的啟示

今次Nvidia與華為的競爭,實際上已經超越單純商業層面,轉化為地緣政治與科技主權的角力。Nvidia的「護城河」不單靠技術,更靠全球人才網絡與軟件生態壟斷,但美國一刀切的出口管制,反而逼中國加速自主創新——華為的復活正正是這個「逆向推動」的典型例子。

值得深思的是,中國雖然在先進製程(如EUV)被「卡脖子」,但只要國內市場夠大、政策傾斜夠狠、產業鏈上下游能齊心,短期內已經能取得「夠用」的替代方案。這種策略,或許不會一時之間追上Nvidia的技術巔峰,但卻能穩步壯大本地生態,最終形成「兩個世界」的AI格局。

對香港來說,這場科技冷戰帶來兩大啟示:第一,過份依賴單一技術或平台(如CUDA),可能隨時因大國博弈而被邊緣化;第二,本地創科生態要有「兩手準備」,既要熟悉美式生態,也要掌握國產替代方案。未來AI人才、企業、甚至政府IT基建,都要適應這個「雙城記」格局,否則隨時被時代拋離。

最後,華為的故事提醒我們:被封鎖、被壓制,未必是終點,反而可能成為創新的起點。只要有足夠資源、決心與市場,任何科技霸權都不會永久不倒。全球AI戰國時代,才剛剛開始。

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