谷歌反壟斷案:法官考慮放寬AI競爭限制




華盛頓聯邦法官考慮縮短Google恢復搜尋競爭的監管期限

華盛頓一名聯邦法官於週五表示,他正考慮讓Alphabet旗下的Google採取比反壟斷執法機關提出的10年監管期更短、更溫和的措施,以恢復線上搜尋市場的競爭。

美國地區法官Amit Mehta在週五的庭審結束陳詞時提到,10年看似不長,但在科技領域內,情況可能在數週內發生巨大變化,他提及最近OpenAI收購裝置初創公司的例子,暗示市場變化迅速。

司法部及多個州政府聯盟要求Google分享搜尋數據,並停止向蘋果及其他智能手機製造商支付數十億美元,讓Google成為新設備的預設搜尋引擎。

不過,法官在聽證會上提出,或許可以限制數據分享範圍,並僅在其他措施無法增加競爭時才終止這些支付。他同時關注人工智能產品的崛起,這些產品有可能取代傳統搜尋引擎。

法官指出,蘋果Safari瀏覽器中替代的預設搜尋引擎不太可能來自現有的競爭對手如DuckDuckGo或Bing。

「如果有的話,可能會是那些能做更多不只是搜尋的AI公司。為什麼?可能是因為用戶不再想要10個藍色連結了。」他指的是Google搜尋引擎早期的搜尋結果排列方式。

這宗案件已經影響了Google的股價,因為它揭露了蘋果計劃推出基於AI的搜尋選項。

該審判自4月開始,法官Mehta表示希望在8月前作出裁決。

人工智能「競爭對手」之爭

反壟斷執法機關關注Google的搜尋壟斷如何讓它在AI產品如Gemini方面占優勢,反之亦然。

OpenAI負責ChatGPT產品的Nick Turley作證指,OpenAI距離能用自家搜尋技術回答80%查詢的目標仍有多年距離,若能獲得Google搜尋數據,將有助於專注提升ChatGPT。他亦表示,若Google被迫出售Chrome,OpenAI有意收購。

但法官Mehta質疑,像OpenAI或Perplexity這類公司是否應被視為Google的搜尋引擎競爭對手,從而有資格獲得Google必須分享的數據,因為案件焦點是搜尋引擎市場的競爭者。

「我覺得你們現在想把這些其他技術納入一般搜尋引擎市場的定義中,但我不確定這是否合適。」法官對司法部律師Adam Severt說。

Severt回應指,案件前半部分聚焦過去,但救濟措施必須著眼未來。

Google律師John Schmidtlein表示,雖然生成式AI影響搜尋形式,但Google已解決AI競爭問題,不再與無線運營商及手機製造商(包括三星電子)簽訂排他協議,讓它們可在新裝置上載入競爭對手的搜尋及AI應用。

Schmidtlein強調,將Google花20年打造的技術交給成功的AI公司如OpenAI是不合適的。

「要Google伸出援手,讓他們這些市場領導者給予幫助,與這個案件的本質完全不符。」他說。

評論與啟示

這場關於Google搜尋壟斷的法律戰,不僅是傳統反壟斷監管和科技巨頭間的角力,更反映了人工智能時代對市場結構和競爭定義的挑戰。法官Mehta提出縮短監管期限的想法,顯示他認識到科技發展的快速變化,長達十年的監管可能會限制市場的自然調整和創新空間。

另一方面,AI公司如OpenAI是否應被視為搜尋引擎競爭者,也是個值得深思的問題。傳統搜尋引擎以提供鏈接和資訊為主,而AI則更注重直接回答和生成內容,兩者的競爭邏輯和用戶體驗迥異。將AI納入反壟斷範疇,可能需要重新定義市場邊界和競爭標準。

Google方面強調其多年來的技術積累和市場領導地位,反映出科技巨頭在維護自身優勢時所持的防禦態度。這也提醒監管機構在制定政策時,必須在促進競爭與保護創新之間取得平衡,避免過度干預導致創新受阻。

總括來說,這宗案子不只是一場法律審判,更是科技、法律與市場動態交織的縮影,對未來數碼經濟的競爭格局將有深遠影響。香港及其他地區的監管機構亦可從中汲取經驗,思考如何因應AI技術帶來的挑戰與機遇。

以上文章由特價GPT API KEY所翻譯及撰寫。

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