【貿戰風雲】川普擬議:美中貿易戰降溫?關稅或減半談判




更多川普:或許我們可以在談判前降低對中國的關稅;更新:降幅50%?

美國總統川普可能正在玩一盤四維棋,但這次的對手是中國。或者,他想在與中國的貿易戰中爭取更多籌碼,然後再對美國商業造成傷害。

幾天前,美國和中國同意在本周末開始談判,以解決雙方之間的貿易戰。雙方都提供了一些小讓步和豁免,以增加談判成功的機會,但中國承擔了大部分損失。根據《華爾街日報》的報導,中國的生產和出口情況相當黯淡:

> 中國稱,4月份出口增長表現出驚人的韌性,同比增長8.1%。
>
> 但在這個看似樂觀的數字背後,是中國出口商品結構的顯著變化。過去30年來,中國一直在打造其作為世界工廠的地位。
>
> 中國對美國的出口貨物在4月份同比下降了21%,而對東南亞國家的出口則激增了21%。根據中國海關發布的官方貿易數據,對拉丁美洲的出口增長了17%,對非洲的出口激增了25%。中國對歐盟的出口增長了8.3%。

這並不令人意外,但對北京來說,這並不是一個好消息。中國商品在其他市場的銷售額度不高,部分原因是其他貿易壁壘,但也因為美國的消費能力遠超其他國家。中國出口商品的60-70%通常銷往美國,但次要市場的利潤不高,商品價格可能被大幅折扣。

這對北京來說是一個大問題,不僅是經濟方面:

> 美國公司抱怨貨架即將空置,而中國工廠則暫停生產,部分工廠讓工人放假。高盛估計,中國有1600萬個工作崗位與對美國的出口生產有關,如果貿易戰持續下去,這些崗位將面臨風險。

如果貿易戰導致一半的工作崗位流失,北京將面臨嚴峻挑戰。屆時,工人將無法養活自己的家庭。中國已經面臨著人口老齡化和下降的問題,這是由於他們的「獨生子女」政策失誤所致,尤其是因為男性遠多於女性。習近平正在冒著文化崩潰的風險,而貿易戰的持續可能會引發政治崩潰。

川普也有自己的問題。截至目前,中國商品關稅尚未真正影響消費者,但這種情況不會永遠持續下去。當商品不再上架,或商品價格大幅上漲時,消費者支出將下降,民眾的不滿情緒將上升。由於美國經濟約60-70%依賴消費者支出,國內生產總值(GDP)和其他指標將開始走低,可能在第二季度,肯定在第三季度。

這可能是川普今天提出另一項讓步的原因,以促使中國進行談判:

習近平不會因為川普提出降低關稅至80%的建議而送上巧克力和鮮花,但川普也不會期望如此。然而,這是一個戲劇性的降幅,相比目前的145%的關稅率(125%的基本關稅和20%的特別關稅,涉及中國生產和出口鴉片類前體)。這是川普展示願意談判的重要讓步,預計本周末在日內瓦舉行的美國和中國談判中會有實質性讓步。同時,這也強調了川普的全權代表斯科特·貝森(Scott Bessent)在談判中的重要性。

真正的爭鬥可能不會在關稅率上展開。傑米森·格里爾(Jamieson Greer)加入談判團隊,強烈表明川普希望關注不公平的勞動和貿易行為,這些問題困擾了中國貿易近30年。高關稅率旨在將中國排除在最佳市場之外,除非並直到他們改革自己的行為,以公平競爭。無論中國是否由中國共產黨領導,這種改變是否可能發生,仍有待觀察。川普不再願意容忍這些不公平行為,他終於將其作為一個問題提出來。

如果我們能讓其他貿易夥伴加入,情況會更容易。川普昨天與英國達成了一個框架,以解決貿易問題,但我們真正需要歐盟的支持,來推動中國改革不公平的貿易和勞動行為。這將使中國失去兩個利潤豐厚的市場,迫使習近平進行真正的改變。也許貝森應該在周末前往布魯塞爾舉行會議。

更新: 川普說80%,但根據《紐約郵報》的報導,川普願意提供50%的降幅作為開價:

> 川普政府正在考慮一項計劃,將對中國進口商品的145%關稅削減一半——可能從下周開始——因為美國和中國的高級官員即將前往瑞士進行高級別貿易談判。
>
> 具體來說,美國官員正在討論一項提議,將川普對中國商品的懲罰性稅率降至50-54%之間,當雙方開始談判時,談判預計將持續數周。接近談判的人士說,鄰近南亞國家的貿易稅將降至25%。

我認為50%的降幅不會對習近平有多大幫助,但這是關於信號和激勵的問題。

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