中美AI晶片戰:Nvidia與Anthropic的衝突




Nvidia與Anthropic就美國針對中國的AI晶片出口限制爆發公開衝突

美中AI競爭

美國針對中國的先進AI硬件出口管制,近日引發了晶片巨頭Nvidia與AI開發公司Anthropic之間的公開爭拗。雙方爭論的核心,在於所謂「AI擴散規則」(AI Diffusion Rule)是否有需要進一步收緊,以及其對美國國家安全和經濟競爭力的影響。

Anthropic主張加強出口管制,強調國家安全,並詳細描述中國據稱的走私行為;而Nvidia則反駁,指這些限制損害美國創新力,並質疑部分指控缺乏根據。

Anthropic:國家安全優先,指中國走私手法層出不窮

作為獲Amazon大力支持的AI研究公司,Anthropic今日發表博文,回應美國商務部有關AI擴散規則的諮詢。Anthropic認為,「透過出口管制維持美國在運算力上的優勢,對國家安全和經濟繁榮至關重要」,尤其在AI模型日益強大之際。

Anthropic指出,中國方面為規避現行規則,採取了極為高明的手法,包括將晶片藏於「假孕肚」及「與活龍蝦一同夾帶」走私。為應對風險,Anthropic建議降低某些國家(即Tier 2國家)無需許可證即可進口的高性能運算硬件(如TFLOPS計算力)的上限。

此外,Anthropic亦建議增加美國工業與安全局(BIS)的資源以加強執法,並調整分級制度,容許部分安全的Tier 2國家透過政府間協議獲得更多存取權。他們強調,規則不應延遲於2025年5月15日生效,以防中國企業進一步囤積晶片。

Nvidia:限制損害競爭力,質疑走私指控荒謬

Nvidia作為訓練大型AI模型(包括Anthropic自家模型)的核心硬件供應商,對此作出強烈反擊。Nvidia發言人向CNBC表示:「美國企業應專注於創新,勇於迎接挑戰,而不是編造甚麼大型、敏感電子產品會被藏於『假孕肚』或『與活龍蝦一同走私』的荒誕故事。」

Nvidia認為,過度嚴苛的政策會削弱美國的競爭力。「中國擁有全球一半的AI研究人員,於AI產業鏈各層面都具備高水平專家。美國不能靠操控監管機構來奪取AI領先地位。」這一立場亦呼應Nvidia CEO黃仁勳早前在華盛頓的言論,他強調美國企業需要建立本土「AI工廠」,創造就業機會,同時坦言中國在AI發展上「並不落後」。

政策背景:「AI擴散規則」與H20禁令

這場爭議源於特朗普政府於2025年4月15日生效的新規,規定出口Nvidia H20及AMD MI308晶片至中國必須獲得難以取得的特別許可證。商務部稱此舉旨在「保障國家及經濟安全」,實際上已封殺Nvidia H20在中國的銷售。

值得一提的是,H20本來是Nvidia為配合拜登政府早前出口管制而設計的降級版產品(每平方毫米2.9 TFLOPS,遠低於H100的19.4 TFLOPS/mm²),用以取代更高性能但被禁的A100、H100及A800/H800。不過,H20最終亦難逃禁令,令Nvidia因積壓庫存而需一次性計提55億美元損失。

這次收緊管制,發生於一連串政治壓力下,包括參議員Elizabeth Warren公開要求商務部不能再拖延H20禁令,以維護國家安全。Nvidia早在2025年1月已對AI擴散規則表達反對,批評其為「史無前例且誤導的過度干預」,認為此舉將威脅全球創新。

競爭格局變化:華為乘勢崛起

美國出口限制正明顯重塑中國本土競爭格局。H20禁令出台後,中國科技巨頭華為隨即宣布推出新一代Ascend 920 AI加速器,並準備於本月大規模出貨Ascend 910C處理器。

910C利用先進chiplet技術(多顆小晶片組合),整合兩顆上一代處理器,成為中國市場的關鍵替代品。華為同時展示了AI CloudMatrix 384叢集,結合384顆910C晶片及先進光通訊網絡。

據報導,這套系統在原始運算力(PFLOPS)及記憶體容量上均超越Nvidia旗艦GB200系統,但能源消耗亦大幅提升。分析師Patrick Moorhead預測:「中國企業將會直接轉向華為。」Nvidia CEO黃仁勳亦於4月17日親赴北京,與貿易官員及AI公司DeepSeek創辦人會面,並表示希望「繼續與中國合作」。

執法困難與未來走向

出口管制的成效,關鍵在於執法能力。Anthropic的走私憂慮及華為供應鏈的相關報導,突顯執法上的挑戰。雖然中國中芯國際(SMIC)能生產7納米級晶片,但有分析指華為部分先進晶片仍涉及受限組件,疑經Sophgo(台積電代工)及CoAsia Electronics(為華為提供三星HBM高頻寬記憶體)等中介取得。

這一疑雲令美國開始審查台積電與華為的關係。華為則否認採用台積電生產的Sophgo晶片。這些活動反映,現實中要完全杜絕受控技術流入目標實體極具難度,亦加強了Anthropic要求加強措施的理據。

與此同時,這些限制亦被廣泛認為加速了中國實現半導體自主的步伐,並獲得國家巨額資金支持。隨著AI擴散規則5月15日生效在即,以及特朗普政府考慮進一步修訂,AI產業內「國安優先」與「全球競爭力」兩大路線的爭論愈趨激烈。

編輯評論:AI晶片戰爭背後的「雙輸」危機

這場看似針對中國的AI晶片出口限制,實際上已經成為全球科技產業競爭格局的分水嶺。Anthropic以國安為由主張嚴控出口,Nvidia則憂慮創新力受損,雙方的立場都不無道理,但最終受害的可能不只是中國,也包括美國自身。

首先,Anthropic所提及的「假孕肚」與「活龍蝦夾帶」走私說法,雖然聽來誇張,但正正反映出國際貿易管制在現實操作上的漏洞與無力。當技術流通變得困難,市場就會出現更多灰色地帶,甚至催生跨境黑市,令真正的國家安全風險難以根治。

另一方面,Nvidia強調中國AI人才及技術實力已經不容忽視,封鎖只會加速中國自研晶片的進程,最終可能令美國失去全球市場主導權。華為迅速推出新AI晶片及運算叢集,就是最直接的證明。這種「你禁我自造」的惡性循環,或會導致全球AI產業碎片化,創新資源浪費,甚至加劇國際科技冷戰。

值得深思的是,美國現時的出口管制政策,是否真能長遠維護本土科技優勢?還是會逼使對手加速自主創新,最終令自己也陷入「雙輸」困局?對香港以及全球科技業界而言,這種政策博弈帶來的不確定性,或會影響投資、供應鏈佈局甚至人才流動。

在AI產業全球化已成大勢的今天,如何在保障國家安全與維持開放創新之間取得平衡,才是真正值得討論的議題。否則,無論是美國還是中國,最終都可能錯失AI革命的最大紅利。

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