華為AI晶片挑戰NVIDIA,中國突圍?

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華為CloudMatrix 384 AI超級集群超越Nvidia GB200:以規模取勝,能耗為代價

華為總部大樓

華為最新發佈的CloudMatrix 384 AI超級集群,標榜以大規模部署自家Ascend 910C處理器,直接向Nvidia旗艦GB200 NVL72架構挑戰。這個系統於美國政府進一步限制Nvidia H20 AI晶片出口中國後(約於4月15日)公佈,明顯是要填補中國AI算力缺口,成為本土替代方案。

在多項理論性能指標上,CloudMatrix 384甚至超越了Nvidia目前的頂級GB200 NVL72系統。不過,華為選擇以「規模」而非「矽片先進度」取勝,這種策略下,能耗大幅提升成為明顯代價。

CloudMatrix 384的基礎是Ascend 910C雙晶片設計,每顆可輸出780 TFLOPS(BF16格式,AI常用數值型式)。全系統整合384顆加速器,據SemiAnalysis估算,總BF16算力達到300 PFLOPS,遠超Nvidia 72顆GPU的GB200 NVL72所標榜的約180 PFLOPS。記憶體方面,華為方案提供49.2 TB HBM(高頻寬記憶體)容量及1229 TB/s總頻寬,對比Nvidia分別只有13.8 TB和576 TB/s。

以數量壓倒質素,能耗成最大短板

這種性能優勢,主要源於加速器數量超過Nvidia五倍,但總系統功耗亦暴增。CloudMatrix 384全機需559千瓦(kW)電力,幾乎是GB200 NVL72(145kW)的四倍。

換算下來,華為系統每TFLOP算力的能效比Nvidia差2.3倍,每TB/s記憶體頻寬的能效也差1.8倍。至於每TB HBM容量的能效,華為也多用約1.1倍電力。

這其實反映中國當前的現實:高階、節能晶片受美國出口管制影響難以取得,但國內電力資源充裕且便宜。據報導,2025年初中國部分地區電價已跌至每兆瓦時56美元,相比2022年高峰時的91美元大降,令高能耗的AI集群方案在中國更具經濟可行性。

全光網絡架構:光纖取代銅線成集群骨幹

CloudMatrix 384的網絡架構以全光互聯為核心,無論機櫃內外,384顆Ascend 910C處理器都以全互連(all-to-all mesh)方式連接。這套系統動用了6,912個800Gbps的LPO(Linear Pluggable Optics)光收發模組。

LPO技術被業界認為比傳統DSP光模組在短距離數據中心應用下更省電,雖然如此大規模光網絡的訊號完整性管理亦是挑戰。總內部帶寬超過5.5 PBps(Peta bits per second),據SemiAnalysis計算,華為方案的集群內帶寬是Nvidia的2.1倍,跨集群帶寬更達5.3倍。

這套16個機櫃的設計(12個運算櫃+4個網絡櫃)與Nvidia未上市的DGX H100 NVL256“Ranger”平台相似,後者因複雜及成本過高未能量產。

制裁下的供應鏈突破

這種策略能否持續,關鍵在於華為能否在美國嚴格出口管制下取得關鍵零件。雖然中國SMIC能生產7納米級晶片,但目前Ascend 910C多數仍用台積電代工。據報華為透過Sophgo等中間商繞過直接制裁,取得足夠晶圓,預計2025年前可組裝超過一百萬顆910C。

至於關鍵的HBM2E記憶體,華為則透過三星、CoAsia Electronics等第三方流入中國。流程包括Faraday Technology設計、SPIL封裝,然後拆解再用於華為910C模組。這些繞道手法突顯了科技出口管制執行上的困難。

中國AI競賽下的戰略豪賭

CloudMatrix 384的推出時機極為關鍵。美國封殺Nvidia H20後,中國市場專屬的合規AI GPU頓時消失。H20本屬Nvidia為中國特製、性能較低的產品,甚至比華為910B還弱,但禁令令Nvidia為此庫存要計提55億美元損失。

這一政策空窗,讓華為不僅以CloudMatrix填補,更同時發佈新一代Ascend 920晶片。Nvidia CEO黃仁勳更在禁令後親赴北京,公開表示希望繼續與中國合作。

分析員Patrick Moorhead直言:「中國企業將直接轉用華為。」這亦吻合中國加快本土半導體自給的國策,如逐步淘汰外國通訊晶片、以及“國家大基金”推動本土半導體產業。華為CloudMatrix 384展示了在地緣政治夾縫下,中國即使犧牲能效,也能組建具競爭力的AI算力平台,並在灰色供應鏈中尋找突破。

編輯評論:華為CloudMatrix 384,是中國AI自主路上的「能耗豪賭」

華為CloudMatrix 384的出現,標誌著中國AI產業在外部壓力下的「自力更生」新階段。它以「用電力換算力」的思路,直接無視能效指標,靠大規模堆砌硬件,硬生生在算力上壓倒Nvidia——這種戰略背後,是中國電力成本低、能源供應穩定的特有國情。

但這種「規模壓倒質素」的模式,真的可長可久嗎?一方面,這讓中國在短期內不至於在AI競賽上被「卡脖子」,但長遠來說,無論是環保壓力、運營成本,還是技術升級的可持續性,都會成為必須面對的難題。尤其在全球碳中和、節能減排的大趨勢下,「用電力換技術」的路線註定只是權宜之計,難以成為最終答案。

另一方面,CloudMatrix 384背後的供應鏈繞道,亦反映出全球科技產業「你中有我、我中有你」的複雜現實。美國雖然不斷加碼出口管制,但真正做到「滴水不漏」幾乎不可能。這種「貓捉老鼠」的遊戲,或許會推動中國半導體產業加快自立,但短期內,全球供應鏈的灰色地帶仍會繼續存在。

最後,這場「AI算力戰」已經不單是技術之爭,更是地緣政治、產業安全、國家戰略的多重較量。華為CloudMatrix 384雖然在能效上犧牲不少,但在中國當下的背景下,這種「能耗豪賭」未嘗不是一種現實且有效的選擇。不過,當中國AI產業真正邁向世界舞台時,能否從「堆規模」到「拼效率」,才是真正考驗的開始。

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Drone photo near Christ the Redeemer in Rio. Include a close-up of the tourist using {reference_image} as the face, standing at the viewpoint. He wears a casual t-shirt, shorts, and sneakers. Drone hovers slightly in front and above him, capturing both his face clearly and the giant statue towering behind. Generate an ultra-realistic, highly ultra-detailed, 8k resolution with 1080x1080 pixel, true-to-life portrait of me using the uploaded image for reference (preserved the likeness and the original face for reference). Create a portrait of a  fair-skinned woman with long, curly dark hair styled in a high ponytail, her head turned to the side, her expression neutral and serene; her makeup features defined eyebrows, subtle eyeliner, light blush, and glossy lips; she wears dangling earrings with a floral design; she has a piercing in her ear; the image is in ultra-high 8K resolution, showcasing detailed skin textures, crisp edges, and sharp focus on her eyes; a medium shot, taken from the side to emphasize her profile, with a shallow depth of field that softly blurs the background; soft, diffused lighting illuminates her face evenly, creating subtle shadows and highlights, with a warm color palette of soft browns and creams; she is wearing a dark strapless top; the background is a soft, neutral tone, ensuring the focus remains on the subject; no additional props are present; photorealistic style, akin to a raw camera capture, is achieved using an 85mm lens, ISO 100, and an aperture of f/2.0 for a shallow depth of field and soft background blur.

➖Additional details:
- Negative Prompt: whimsical , doll skin, plastic skin, cartoon, 3d render, cgi,a low poly, painting, drawing, sketch, anime, deformed, bad anatomy, mutated hands, extra limbs, low quality, blurry, artifacts, plastic skin, out of frame, out of focus, wrong spelling, rumble letters, missing letter, blurry letter, blurry face, lowres, pixelated, jpeg artifacts, repeated face and repeated word. {
"intro": "Create an ultra realistic 8K UHD DSLR photo based on the attached image as a reference of facial features, maintaining 100% likeness.",

"subject": {
"identity": "A stylish beautiful woman portrayed as Cleopatra during her sacred milk bath beauty ritual, embodying divine femininity, sensual elegance, and timeless power.",
"angle": "Close-up beauty editorial captured at a refined 3/4 angle, focusing on her face, shoulders, and upper chest with extreme clarity and no blur.",
"pose": {
"body_position": "She is partially submerged in a luxurious milk bath, her shoulders and collarbones emerging gracefully from the surface.",
"hands": "One hand gently rests at the edge of the bath with milk droplets on her fingers, while the other lightly touches her neck adorned with subtle gold jewelry.",
"expression": "Soft yet commanding gaze directed toward the camera—calm, confident, intimate, and hypnotic."
}
},

"appearance": {
"outfit": "A barely-there, ritual-style ivory silk drape partially submerged in the milk bath, clinging softly to her skin. The fabric is delicate and translucent, edged with fine gold-thread embroidery for a sensual, sacred aesthetic.",
"accessories": "Minimal ritual jewelry—thin gold collar necklace resting above the milk surface, delicate arm cuff, subtle finger ring—kept refined to maintain focus on beauty and skin.",
"hair": "Her hair is sleek and ritual-polished, partially damp and slicked back at the crown, with soft wet strands framing her face naturally, reflecting candlelight.",
"makeup": "High-fashion Cleopatra beauty makeup with ceremonial artistry—perfectly sculpted brows, elongated black kohl eyeliner, vibrant eyeshadow layered in turquoise, teal, emerald, sapphire blue, and metallic gold. Beneath the eyes, subtle artistic ink-inspired accents echo ancient Egyptian symbolism. Her skin is luminous and dewy, cheeks softly flushed, and lips finished in a nude-rose satin sheen."
},

"ritual_props": {
"bath": "A carved alabaster bathtub filled with warm milk infused with honey, almond oil, and lotus essence.",
"floating_elements": [
"Fresh lotus flowers",
"Soft white rose petals",
"Delicate gold flakes shimmering on the milk surface"
],
"beauty_products": [
"Small golden perfume vial with lotus and myrrh oil",
"Alabaster bowl of honey and milk mixture",
"Clay jar of mineral kohl and pigment powders"
]
},

"background": {
"macro_environment": "An intimate royal bathing chamber within Cleopatra’s palace, designed as a sacred beauty sanctuary.",
"midground_details": "Soft linen curtains, glowing oil lamps, tall candles, and subtle steam rising from the bath, creating a warm and sensual atmosphere.",
"micro_elements": "Milk ripples around her skin, floating petals touching her shoulders, tiny droplets of moisture on her collarbones, reflections of candle flames on gold jewelry, visible stone texture on the tub, and delicate fabric translucency—every detail sharply rendered with zero blur."
},

"lighting": {
"type": "Warm cinematic candlelight combined with soft ambient palace glow.",
"effect": "Golden highlights sculpt her face and skin while gentle shadows enhance depth, intimacy, and divine beauty."
},

"camera": {
"camera_type": "DSLR",
"resolution": "8K UHD",
"lens": "85mm prime lens for beauty editorial compression",
"aperture": "f/8 for maximum facial and detail sharpness",
"iso": 100,
"shutter_speed": "1/160s",
"focus": "Extreme sharp focus on facial features, skin texture, makeup details, and milk surface, no bokeh, no blur"
},

"style": "Luxury beauty editorial, sacred milk bath ritual, ancient Egyptian goddess realism, intimate yet powerful, ultra-detailed, luminous skin focus, cinematic elegance"
}