貿易戰升級!大宗商品恐崩跌,礦業公司面臨危機?

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商品市場成為全球貿易戰核心,美中關係緊張加劇風險

隨著唐納德·特朗普再次當選美國總統,美中之間的關稅摩擦再度升溫,全球商品市場正陷入一場愈演愈烈的貿易戰之中。RBC資本市場近日評估了這場貿易戰可能對全球商品和礦業股造成的影響,結果顯示若貿易戰繼續加劇,相關行業將面臨不少風險。

RBC指出,即使關稅完全取消(這種情況被認為非常不可能),因貿易關係破裂及市場不確定性加劇所造成的損害也會持續存在。但現實情況是,貿易衝突有可能持續升級。全球商品市場已經有所反應,許多商品價格自近期高位回落,成本壓力亦逐步增大。

該行以產業成本曲線作為衡量潛在下行風險的基準。歷史數據顯示,商品價格通常在成本曲線的90百分位附近徘徊,價格一旦跌破此水平,生產商通常會削減產量。以現時價格計算,鐵礦石還需跌約18%至每噸80美元才會觸及成本支撐,銅價則需下跌24%至每磅3.15美元,鋁價則在每磅1美元水平上方約12%。

RBC警告,如價格跌至更嚴重的75百分位歷史低位(過去僅出現11%的時間),商品價格將大幅下滑:銅價可能跌41%至每磅2.50美元,鐵礦石跌34%至每噸64美元,鋁價則跌17%至約每磅0.90美元。如此一來,礦業公司的盈利將直接受損。根據RBC的情景分析,90百分位的價格下跌將導致整個行業盈利下降13%,若跌至75百分位,盈利將崩潰37%。

礦業巨頭面臨分化,銅業者風險最高

在主要商品生產商中,安格魯美洲(Anglo American)、安托法加斯塔(Antofagasta)和挪威水力公司(Norsk Hydro)因成本曲線位置較高,面臨較大風險。尤其是安格魯美洲和安托法加斯塔,銅價現報4.63美元/磅,遠高於成本支撐水平,風險較大。相反,挪威水力公司目前已將鋁價定價在每磅0.90美元,顯示下行空間有限。

煤炭和鉑族金屬生產商如嘉能可(Glencore)、安格魯美洲鉑金和Ecora Resources則較為抗跌,因其產品價格已接近成本結構,除非出現嚴重經濟衝擊,盈利相對穩健。

近期市場反應迅速,自貿易新措施公布後,SXPP指數已下跌20%,挪威水力、嘉能可及安托法加斯塔等股價跌幅最大。回顧歷史,金融危機及新冠疫情時期指數曾跌60-75%,現時跌幅可能只是初步反映。

估值方面,RBC指出該行業的市價淨值比和企業價值與息稅折舊攤銷前利潤比率(EV/EBITDA)分別降至0.72倍和4.6倍,低於長期平均但仍高於危機低點,顯示還有下行空間。

財務狀況分化明顯,派息承壓

現金流和資產負債表的抗壓能力在行業內差異顯著。Ecora Resources和挪威水力因資本支出有限、收入穩定,被視為較為防守型;而淡水河谷(Vale S.A.)和安托法加斯塔若經濟環境惡化,將面臨較大壓力。根據RBC的最壞情景,部分公司淨負債與EBITDA比率可能突破3倍的警戒線。

派息方面亦面臨風險。若情況嚴重,安托法加斯塔的股息可能完全取消,中亞金屬(Central Asia Metals)和淡水河谷的派息也將受削減。相反,挪威水力、Ecora Resources及安格魯美洲鉑金則較有能力維持現有派息水平。

市場調整或催生併購浪潮

在這波下行壓力下,實力較強的企業可能趁機整合資產。例如力拓(Rio Tinto)已開始轉向鋰業,若估值仍具吸引力,或將繼續收購。必和必拓(BHP Group)則較為謹慎,市場上關於其併購的傳聞仍未明朗。嘉能可管理層表示對變革性交易有興趣,但市場波動已令其部分資產出售計劃停滯。

RBC預計美國GDP將於2025及2026年保持約1%的溫和增長,但強調貿易緊張局勢將為商品價格和礦業公司帶來重大下行風險。現有市場估值尚未完全反映最壞情況,成本曲線仍是判斷風險的重要參考。

評論與啟示

這份報告從成本曲線的角度,為我們提供了一個相對客觀且數據支持的分析框架,幫助理解貿易戰升級對商品市場的潛在衝擊。在全球經濟不確定性增加的背景下,商品價格的波動性將加劇,生產商的盈利彈性受到嚴重考驗。特別是銅這樣的基礎金屬,作為全球工業生產的風向標,其價格大幅下跌不僅會影響礦業股,更可能反映全球製造業需求的疲弱。

此外,這份分析提醒投資者,單靠關稅政策的變動並不足以完全解釋市場風險,供應鏈中斷、地緣政治緊張和市場情緒的波動同樣重要。企業在面對成本壓力和需求不確定時,必須靈活調整產量和資本支出策略,並加強財務穩健性,以應對可能的經濟衝擊。

從投資角度看,防守型公司如Ecora Resources和挪威水力因其較穩定的現金流和成本結構,或可成為避風港;而高成本生產商則需警惕市場價格下跌帶來的盈利風險。市場調整同時也可能催生新一輪的併購重組,對資本雄厚且具備戰略眼光的企業而言,是擴張版圖的良機。

總結來說,這場貿易戰及其對全球商品市場的影響,提醒我們在投資和經營決策時,必須更加注重風險管理和長遠布局,並密切關注全球經濟與政治動態,才能在波動中尋找機遇。

以上文章由特價GPT API KEY所翻譯及撰寫。

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