肯亞茶園爭端:殖民遺留問題再起?




肯亞茶園土地糾紛升溫 外資茶企面臨殖民歷史不公的反彈

肯亞西部納迪縣的Sitoi茶園,近日爆發英資茶園與當地社區之間的土地糾紛,成為面對殖民時代土地不公問題的茶葉生產商可能遭遇的風暴前兆。

在納迪縣Sitoi莊園綠油油的山坡上,超過100名居民佔據了約350英畝(140公頃)土地,採摘茶葉,居住於由泥土和生鏽鐵皮搭建的簡陋棚屋,並放牧牛隻。他們聲稱這片土地是1986年由東方產品肯亞公司(Eastern Produce Kenya,簡稱EPK)贈予。EPK由倫敦上市公司Camellia Plc控股,表示贈與面積為202英畝(82公頃),而當地Kimasas農民合作社則主張擁有550英畝(222公頃)。

Kimasas主席Daniel Biwott指出,他的祖父早在1905年前,英國殖民者佔領土地前就居住於此,收回350英畝土地是糾正歷史錯誤的行動。Biwott說:「多年來甚麼都沒發生,現在就是解決的時候。」他站在長滿膝蓋高灌木的土地上,這裡曾是他祖父、父親和他自己作為EPK員工工作的地方。

這場對峙發生在肯亞這個全球第四大茶葉生產國的多起暴力事件之後。今年一月,斯里蘭卡擁有的Browns Plantations農場遭襲擊,超過100棵尤加利樹被連根拔起,肯亞茶葉種植者協會(KTGA)表示,幕後似乎有「享有政治庇護的犯罪團伙」策劃這場類似津巴布韋式的非法土地侵占。

KTGA指出,EPK每月損失超過20萬美元,這些事件威脅到這個行業,茶葉出口佔肯亞出口收入近四分之一,並支持約500萬人謀生。

多位研究土地問題的人士表示,這些攻擊反映了對殖民地時代土地掠奪未能得到補救的普遍不滿。律師Joel Kimutai Bosek曾代表當地社區向茶企及英國政府提出訴訟,但未見成效,他認為下一代將更具激進性。

殖民遺留問題難解 司法途徑受限

根據2021年聯合國報告,1895年至1963年殖民時期,英國佔用了大量土地,許多土地被改作茶園。2010年肯亞成立國家土地委員會(NLC)以解決土地問題,前委員Samuel Tororei表示,委員會效能受限,且茶企與政治精英之間存在「不正當聯盟」。

肯亞2010年憲法將茶企原有的999年租約縮減為99年,但活動人士抱怨政府未能利用土地所有權為當地社區爭取實質土地或經濟補償。

英國James Finlay公司前任董事總經理Guy Chambers指出,問題根源在於「外國業主擁有大規模種植園,這些土地原本是社區的」。

肯亞政府未回應置評請求,茶企則稱遵守法律,並指部分政客利用歷史矛盾謀取私利,破壞土地權利。

其他社區土地索回嘗試亦收效甚微,法律手段受限於追訴時效及官方豁免權。

Chambers旗下私募股權公司與Kericho縣一社區團體去年聯合競標CVC資本旗下Lipton茶園,計劃在二十年內將控制權全部移交社區,但Lipton最終賣給Browns,Lipton發言人稱選擇了能提升產業標準的最佳買家。

NLC於2019年報告呼籲英國政府向Kericho社區道歉並提供賠償,英國外交部回應關注納迪茶園遭襲事件,正與肯亞當局聯繫。

EPK與Kimasas對峙 法律糾紛激化

EPK自1948年起在納迪取得土地,稱現時爭議並非歷史不公,而是基於「願意捐贈、願意接受」的原則。NLC 2019年裁定550英畝屬於Kimasas,EPK則在法庭上質疑合作社提供的證據是偽造。

訴訟期間,超過200人於2023年8月3日侵占爭議土地,開始採茶。法院隔日發出禁制令要求撤離,多數人離開後又返回。今年一月,佔地者攻擊公司車輛和員工,EPK表示警方未執行禁制令,檢察官辦公室則稱起訴可能干擾民事訴訟。

EPK總經理Peter Goin表示:「如果任由年輕一代開始要求更多,那將樹立危險先例,必須不惜一切代價阻止。」

警方和檢察官辦公室未回應置評。Biwott稱Kimasas因無最終裁決而感到有理佔地。

編輯評論:殖民歷史陰影下的土地糾紛與茶產業未來

這起肯亞納迪茶園的土地糾紛,正是非洲多國在面對殖民時代遺留土地問題時的縮影。英國等前殖民國家所擁有的資產,長期以來成為當地社區不滿與抗爭的焦點。EPK與Kimasas的對立不僅是法律層面的產權爭議,更是深植於歷史不公和社會正義的矛盾。

肯亞茶葉產業是國家經濟支柱之一,數百萬人依賴此生計,然而土地問題若未妥善解決,可能引發更多社會動盪,甚至影響產業穩定。政府與企業必須在尊重歷史事實與法律框架間取得平衡,開展真正具包容性的土地改革和賠償機制。

此外,國際投資者與企業也應正視殖民歷史帶來的倫理責任,積極參與社區共治和利益共享,避免成為政治角力的犧牲品。未來,肯亞茶企的命運或將成為全球類似殖民地資產管理的指標,如何轉型為促進社會和諧與經濟發展的典範,值得業界和政策制定者深思。

以上文章由特價GPT API KEY所翻譯及撰寫。

🎬 YouTube Premium 家庭 Plan成員一位 只需 HK$148/年

不用提供密碼、不用VPN、無需轉區
直接升級你的香港帳號 ➜ 即享 YouTube + YouTube Music 無廣告播放

立即升級 🔗

🎨 Nano Banana Pro 圖像生成器|打幾句說話就出圖

想畫人像、產品圖、插畫?SSFuture 圖像生成器支援 Flux Gemini Nano Banana Pro 改圖 / 合成, 打廣東話都得,仲可以沿用上一張圖繼續微調。

🆓 Flux 模型即玩,不用登入
🤖 登入後解鎖 Gemini 改圖
📷 支援上載參考圖再生成
⚡ 每天免費額度任你玩
✨ 即刻玩 AI 畫圖
add mickey mouse Use the original face exactly as it is, without changing a details. A striking, high-fashion editorial portrait of a white -skinned model, captured outdoors with a bright, sunny, slightly hazy ambiance reminiscent of the late 1980s or early 1990s.
Model and Styling
• Model: A female model with elegant features and dark, curly hair, posed looking over her shoulder towards the camera. Her expression is confident and alluring.
• Outfit: She is wearing a two-piece outfit (or a playsuit/romper) entirely covered in black and white polka dots.
• Top: A loose, long-sleeved shirt, worn off one shoulder, showcasing the neckline. The polka dots on the shirt appear slightly smaller and more uniform.
• Bottom: Matching shorts or a skirt with a tight, fitted silhouette, emphasizing her figure. The polka dots here appear slightly denser.
• Hat: A defining accessory—a dramatically oversized sun hat with a wide, floppy brim. The crown is white, and the large, voluminous brim is patterned with large black and white polka dots, cascading down. A black fabric tie/ribbon is visible around the crown.
• Accessories: Large, circular or crescent-shaped gold earrings dangle from her ears.
Lighting and Setting
• Lighting: Natural, bright, direct sunlight creating a warm, sun-kissed, and slightly nostalgic aesthetic. The overall color palette leans towards desaturated pastels and warm creamy whites.
• Setting: She is positioned on a rooftop, terrace, or balcony, with a hazy, mountainous or coastal landscape visible in the blurred background. The background is predominantly soft blues and pale purples, suggesting a distant view over a city or ocean.
• Composition: A vertical, full-body to three-quarter shot. The model is the central focus, framed against the soft background.
Keywords/Style
• Style: High Fashion, Editorial, Retro, 90s Fashion, Resort Wear, Glamorous, Iconic.
• Vibe: Sophisticated, Sunny, Vacation Chic, Bold Pattern. Create a sticker set maintaining 100% of the woman's original facial features from the provided image. Do not alter the face, focusing on ultra-realistic details of the facial structure, eyes, eyebrows, nose, mouth, and expression. The final face must be realistic, not cartoon-like. She has long, voluminous hair.
1. Makeup:Maintain Original Face: We will preserve the structure of your face, eyes, eyebrows, nose, mouth, and expression as closely as possible to the original image to maintain naturalness and uniqueness, while adjusting the tone to be softer:

Eyes: Slightly reduce the sharpness of the Cat Eye eyeliner to a thin line close to the lash line for a softer look, while still maintaining eye definition.
Eyeshadow: Use natural tones like light brown, peach, or beige.
Eyebrows: Original shape, but brushed up to look softer and more natural.
Lips: Glossy, pink-tinted, nude-pink, or coral-toned lipstick/tint to make the lips look full and moisturized. Focus on a bright but not overly intense look.
2. Hairstyle:Natural Voluminous Long Hair: Her hair is long and flowing, but the styling will emphasize natural volume and movement. Soft, natural waves.
3. Outfit:

Attire: A white open-back bodysuit paired with distressed, faded blue denim shorts. There is a message "Kunika" on the shirt.
Shoes: Elegant, simple open-toe flat sandals.
Accessories: Styled freely and fittingly for each scene.
4. Poses & Sticker Elements:Poses: Various poses such as waving, jumping, walking playfully, reading a book, holding up a sign, cheering with both hands, stretching, or making a celebratory gesture, to create a cheerful and friendly atmosphere.Decoration: Include elements like small rainbows, sparkling stars, clear bubbles, hearts, balloons, or light-colored dots to decorate and enhance the fun of each sticker scene.Style: Thin black border around the sticker. Use a modern, rounded 'Itim' style font for the text.Text: Add short emotional phrases written in a cute, beautiful script near the sticker (no speech bubbles/text boxes):

"Hello"
"Love you"
"Submitting work"
"Great"
"Got it"
"Thanks!"
"Wait a sec"
"Ready to care"
"Fight"
"Let's do it"
"So cute"
"OK"
"Sweet dreams:
"Get well soon"
"555"
"You're welcome"
"HBD" 
"OMG" 
"Sorry"
"Got a headache" 
Guidelines: Do not include a text box. Ensure balanced composition with sufficient white space—not cluttered. Match the pose to the text.
Emphasis: Reiterate 'maintain 100% of the original face features from the provided image,' 'ultra-realistic facial detail,' and 'professional studio lighting on face (realistic face, not cartoon face).

Use Cantonese in the stickers.