晶片供應緊張:七成四企業叫苦,地緣政治成主因

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74% 的依賴晶片的組織報告供應不足

根據 Capgemini 研究所的一份新報告,儘管全球已經從 2020 至 2023 年的晶片短缺中大致恢復,但只有 26% 的依賴半導體的組織目前認為其供應充足。報告指出,幾乎 60% 的組織對供應問題仍然感到擔憂,尤其是在 AI 繁榮的推動下,企業高管們對晶圓廠是否能跟上需求感到不安。

調查顯示,59% 的 800 位全球下游行業領導者在 2024 年 11 月的調查中表示,供應問題仍然是持續關注的焦點。他們預計到 2026 年底,半導體需求將增長 29%,這幾乎是半導體行業高管預期增長率的兩倍。

上游行業仍在承受晶片短缺的影響

自從目前的 AI 繁榮開始,晶片製造商如 NVIDIA 等大廠已經獲得了巨大的成功。NVIDIA 在 2024 年第二季度報告了 300 億美元的創紀錄收入,市值超過 3 兆美元。其他晶片製造商如博通和 SK 海力士也取得了類似的成功。

然而,這些創紀錄的利潤僅由少數核心公司實現,這些公司控制了供應鏈的大部分。NVIDIA 設計了大多數用於訓練 AI 模型的 GPU,但實際生產則由台灣的 TSMC 承擔。目前,只有 TSMC 和三星電子能夠大規模生產最尖端的晶片。

在行業內部,情況並不總是一帆風順。2020 年初,由於 COVID-19 大流行引發的全球晶片短缺,使得近一半(47%)的下游組織不得不縮減某些產品或功能的推出。在 2023 年 7 月,製造商加快了生產速度,客戶也適應了更可預測的晶片供應。隨著生產能力的改善和消費電子需求的減少,行業得以適應和恢復。

然而,Capgemini 的報告發現,49% 的下游組織認為晶片短缺的影響仍在繼續。

地緣政治緊張是晶片依賴企業最大的擔憂

Capgemini 的調查顯示,只有五分之二的依賴半導體的組織對其供應鏈的韌性感到自信。造成這種擔憂的主要因素是地緣政治緊張,69% 的受訪者都提到這一點。

台灣和中國之間的軍事升級可能會導致 TSMC 的產出遭受重大干擾,進而對供應鏈造成連鎖反應。此外,由於與中國的緊張局勢,包括美國、荷蘭和日本等國家對向中國銷售半導體實施出口限制。英國在 2023 年也阻止了大多數尋求向中國出口半導體技術的公司的許可申請。

2023 年 8 月,中國商務部宣布將對鎵和鍺相關產品實施出口管制,以“保護國家安全和利益”。這些稀有金屬在晶片生產中至關重要,而中國分別生產全球 98% 和 54% 的鎵和鍺供應。在 2024 年 12 月,美國總統喬·拜登的政府宣布了第三套對中國半導體出口的限制後,中國迅速禁止向美國銷售鍺和鎵,並增加了一些無法在中國做生意的美國國防科技初創公司。

擔憂晶圓廠容量導致對晶片主權的追求

對於半導體供應鏈可靠性影響的第二和第三大擔憂因素分別是晶圓廠容量不足和供應商數量有限,這分別被 65% 和 52% 的下游組織提及。除了地緣政治等人為因素,自然災害也可能對供應鏈造成嚴重破壞,特別是當供應商集中在少數地區時。根據《電子產品與技術》報導,2019 至 2021 年間,台灣的乾旱和日本的三次工廠火災導致原材料短缺。

儘管有三分之一的下游組織正在考慮或積極探索內部晶片設計,但世界各國政府正在花費數十億美元以提升國內半導體生產能力。調查的半導體行業高管預計到 2026 年底,國內採購將增加 17%。

近年來,美國已通過了 CHIPS 法案,提供半導體研究投資和製造激勵,並推出了 AI 權利法案的藍圖,以幫助國內調節 AI。此外,英特爾、TSMC、德州儀器和三星——全球最大的記憶體晶片製造商——都宣布計劃在美國建設新的晶圓廠。

2023 年 8 月,英國政府宣布將投入 1 億英鎊以促進 AI 硬件的發展,並加強可能的電腦晶片短缺。去年 9 月,亞馬遜網絡服務公司宣布計劃在未來五年內在英國投資 80 億英鎊於數據中心。

歐盟則在 2023 年 7 月通過的歐洲晶片法案中提供了 430 億歐元(460 億美元)的補貼,以促進其半導體行業的發展,並設定了到 2030 年生產全球 20% 半導體的宏偉目標。

在這個不斷變化的科技環境中,晶片的供應鏈安全性成為了全球經濟的重要焦點。隨著各國政府加大對半導體產業的投資,未來的供應鏈將如何適應這些變化,將是業界持續關注的問題。

以上文章由特價GPT API KEY所翻譯及撰寫。而圖片則由FLUX根據內容自動生成。

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