美國國安與AI競賽:當前挑戰與未來方向

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美國在全球人工智能競賽中面臨的國家安全挑戰

2024年10月24日,美國總統拜登簽署了一份關於人工智能在國家安全中使用的國家安全備忘錄。這一行動是應去年行政命令中關於人工智能的指示而制定的。備忘錄概述了三個主要目標,每個目標均附有具體行動項目,顯示出拜登政府對美國在全球人工智能競賽中落後的威脅十分重視,並認識到落後對國家安全的嚴重影響。這提醒政策制定者注意其中的利害關係。

備忘錄充滿了政策建議。第一個目標是確立美國在安全、可靠和可信的人工智能領域的領導地位。它將吸引優秀的人工智能人才視為國家安全問題,指導多個機構利用法律權威引進人工智能專家到美國,並要求對美國人工智能人才市場進行評估。此外,備忘錄要求對美國人工智能生態系統進行經濟分析,並強調發展人工智能計算資源和基礎設施,包括來自能源部國家實驗室和國家科學基金會國家人工智能研究資源(NAIRR)的支持。

備忘錄還將保護美國人工智能免受外國情報威脅作為國家優先事項。它指導相關機構改善對美國人工智能的外國威脅識別和評估,找出人工智能供應鏈中的關鍵節點和潛在漏洞,並加強對外國投資和收購美國關鍵人工智能技術的監管。

最後,備忘錄確立商務部的人工智能安全研究所(AISI)為前沿人工智能模型的主要測試中心。備忘錄還要求制定在敏感領域(如網絡、核、生物和化學領域)測試人工智能能力的具體指導,並指導機構優先研究人工智能的安全性和保障。這些行動展示了聯邦政府如何在支持和保護美國創新中發揮重要作用。

諷刺的是,美國在人工智能領域的領導地位面臨的最大威脅之一——從而影響國家安全——並非來自外國,而是來自美國自己監管機構。備忘錄的監管未能直接解決這一風險。特別是反壟斷監管機構試圖拆分美國領先科技公司和調查美國人工智能芯片製造商的努力,將削弱美國在人工智能領域的競爭力,並幫助中國等戰略競爭對手超越美國。不幸的是,政府似乎對此問題視而不見。然而,與國家安全委員會的持續對話可能會在未來將其提上議程。

第二個目標是利用人工智能為國家安全服務。主要行動包括建立新的人工智能人才招聘政策,簡化採購流程,制定治理框架,並促進國際合作。雖然這些初步改革——招聘人才和改革採購——是必要的,但它們涉及政府內部長期存在的根深蒂固問題,目前尚不清楚機構將如何解決這些問題。畢竟,如果機構能夠解決人工智能的問題,為何不能在其他IT領域如網絡安全或雲計算中也這樣做呢?

為國家安全系統中的人工智能使用制定全政府規則和指導是合理且負責任的一步,它應有助於許多機構採用人工智能。最後,備忘錄概述了國際合作的機會,包括研究與盟友共同開發人工智能的可行性,確定潛在的合作夥伴和論壇,以及創建聯合開發和測試。吸引更多盟友加入美國人工智能聯盟,對於美國及其夥伴在人工智能領域保持競爭力至關重要。

第三個目標是推進尊重民主價值和人權的國際人工智能治理。國務院的主要任務是制定一項戰略,以促進全球人工智能安全和民主價值,同時防止在國家安全背景下被濫用。這一戰略應與現有的國際框架(如G7和聯合國指導方針)保持一致,並促進負責任的人工智能開發和部署的共同定義、規範和標準。

然而,備忘錄的這一部分在視野和策略上最為薄弱且欠發展。考慮到當前的地緣政治現實,備忘錄呼籲國際人工智能治理顯得空洞。歐盟等主要盟友已經在實施更嚴格的人工智能法規,這可能削弱美國的競爭力,而中國等戰略競爭對手不太可能被美國的聲明所左右。此外,通過規範框架影響全球南方的努力也被中國的經濟外交和基礎設施投資所掩蓋。因此,這部分備忘錄看起來更具理想主義而非實際性。

國家安全考量往往是務實政策制定的推動力,備忘錄對加強美國人工智能生態系統的強調既受歡迎又有價值。然而,它也反映了拜登政府內部持續的緊張關係,這種緊張關係將其在人工智能上的努力分為可量化的技術基準和基於證據的標準——如人工智能風險管理框架——以及抽象的社會原則,如人工智能權利法案藍圖中提出的關於偏見和公平的安慰性格言。

隨著新政策制定者明年接管——無論在國會還是政府中——他們應認識到美國在人工智能領域成功對國家安全的重要性,並優先制定能夠維持美國在這一領域領導地位的政策。

編者評論:

這篇文章全面探討了美國在全球人工智能競賽中的挑戰,特別是在國家安全方面的影響。備忘錄的政策建議顯示出美國政府對人工智能技術的重視和擔憂。然而,文章也指出,美國內部的監管問題可能成為自身競爭力的障礙,這是一個值得深思的觀點。當前的全球地緣政治格局複雜,推進國際人工智能治理需要更多務實的策略,而非僅僅依賴理想化的目標。

從香港的視角來看,美國在人工智能領域的動作不僅影響自身,也可能對全球科技競爭格局產生深遠影響。香港作為一個國際金融中心,應密切關注這些變化,尤其是在科技投資和人才流動方面的影響,以便在全球科技競爭中保持競爭力。

以上文章由特價GPT API KEY所翻譯

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- Negative Prompt: cartoon, 3d render, cgi,a low poly, painting, drawing, sketch, anime, deformed, bad anatomy, mutated hands, extra limbs, low quality, blurry, artifacts, plastic skin, out of frame, out of focus, wrong spelling, rumble letters, missing letter, blurry letter, blurry face, lowres, pixelated, jpeg artifacts, repeated face and repeated word. [Subject]: Young Asian female with "Imada Mio-inspired" doll-like aesthetic (精緻洋娃娃臉). She has large round expressive eyes, a small V-line face, and rosy cheeks. Her expression is innocent, energetic, and slightly flirty. [Hair]: Messy morning hair (剛睡醒的凌亂感), long dark brown hair, slightly tousled, natural volume. [Outfit]: Wearing an oversized translucent white button-down shirt (男友風白襯衫), unbuttoned at the top to reveal collarbones, creating a "bottomless" look (下衣失蹤風格). [Style]: Japanese Gravure Photobook style (寫真集風格), Pure & Sexy vibe, bright high-key lighting, soft skin texture, Fujifilm PRO 400H color tone. Create a sticker set maintaining 100% of the woman's original facial features from the provided image. Do not alter the face, focusing on ultra-realistic details of the facial structure, eyes, eyebrows, nose, mouth, and expression. The final face must be realistic, not cartoon-like. She has long, voluminous hair.
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Eyeshadow: Use natural tones like light brown, peach, or beige.
Eyebrows: Original shape, but brushed up to look softer and more natural.
Lips: Glossy, pink-tinted, nude-pink, or coral-toned lipstick/tint to make the lips look full and moisturized. Focus on a bright but not overly intense look.
2. Hairstyle:Natural Voluminous Long Hair: Her hair is long and flowing, but the styling will emphasize natural volume and movement. Soft, natural waves.
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Attire: A white open-back bodysuit paired with distressed, faded blue denim shorts. There is a message "Kunika" on the shirt.
Shoes: Elegant, simple open-toe flat sandals.
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"OMG" 
"Sorry"
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Guidelines: Do not include a text box. Ensure balanced composition with sufficient white space—not cluttered. Match the pose to the text.
Emphasis: Reiterate 'maintain 100% of the original face features from the provided image,' 'ultra-realistic facial detail,' and 'professional studio lighting on face (realistic face, not cartoon face).

Use Cantonese in the stickers.

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