Kepler調整BAE評級 警告Saab估值過高




Kepler將BAE Systems評級由「減持」升至「持有」,但維持Saab「減持」評級,因估值及利潤率考慮

歐洲兩大防務製造商近期面臨截然不同的市場評估,儘管訂單創新高,但市場仍憂慮利潤率壓力及估值過高問題。

Kepler Cheuvreux於星期二將英國防務承包商BAE Systems的評級由「減持」調升至「持有」,並將目標價調高20.8%至1,860便士,而該股於1月5日的交易價為1,851便士。BAE現市值約553億英鎊,過去九個月累積訂單達270億英鎊,其中包括40億英鎊的土耳其颱風戰機訂單及17億美元的AMPV/Bradley系統訂單。

然而,Kepler仍對瑞典競爭對手Saab維持「減持」評級,雖然目標價由420瑞典克朗上調5%,但相較於該股596.90瑞典克朗的收市價,仍預示有29.6%的下跌空間。Saab市值約3,223億瑞典克朗,預計2025年的訂單收入達1,330億瑞典克朗,訂單與出貨比率為1.7倍。

Kepler預測BAE 2025年收入將達307億英鎊,調整後息稅前利潤(EBIT)為32.8億英鎊,按固定匯率計算年增8-10%。不過,因美元兌英鎊匯率變動,BAE銷售額將受到約4億英鎊的匯率拖累,平均匯率由去年1.28升至今年1.32。

該券商指出,BAE的防守型特質限制了股價的動力,因為其70%的銷售來自美國及英國,兩地的財政限制令國防預算增長僅約3-4%名義增幅。BAE近期取得100億英鎊的挪威26型護衛艦訂單及68億美元的土耳其20架歐洲戰鬥機合約,但相關收入大多要到2030年代才會實現。分析師計算該股以2026年預測盈利計算,市盈率約21倍,較美國同業略有溢價,但基於較高的有機增長,估值被視為「大致合理」。

至於Saab,預計2025年銷售額為779億瑞典克朗,調整後EBIT為75.5億瑞典克朗,利潤率約9.7%,符合其20-24%的收入增長指引。其動力系統部門2025年利潤率接近19.5%,但分析師警告,為擴充產能及加強研發的必要投資,將難以維持此利潤率水平,儘管收入仍有增長空間。此外,中央成本因資訊科技基建、安全投資及管理激勵而上升,分析師估計第四季中央成本達5.77億瑞典克朗,可能被低估,因去年同期已達5.7億瑞典克朗。

估值差距顯著,Saab以2025年預估盈利計算,市盈率高達55.4倍,2026年為42.2倍,企業價值與EBITDA比率分別為30.1倍及24.4倍;相較之下,BAE分別為25.3倍及22.3倍。即使假設Saab未來五年銷售額翻倍,利潤增長2.5倍,分析認為仍需五年時間,股價才能回到烏克蘭戰爭前十年平均市盈率21倍水平。

自由現金流收益率方面,Saab於2030年前均低於3%,而BAE分別為2025年的2.4%及2026年的2.7%。

記者評論:

Kepler Cheuvreux對BAE Systems的評級上調,反映市場對其強勁訂單和穩健收入增長的認可,但同時反映出其防守型業務結構限制了股價的爆發力。BAE的收入主要來自美英兩國,這兩國的國防預算增長受限,令未來利潤增長空間有限。儘管如此,BAE的訂單管線強勁,尤其是來自挪威和土耳其的大額訂單,為其長遠收入提供保障。

相反,Saab雖然業績增長強勁,但估值極高,尤其是市盈率幾乎是BAE的兩倍以上。高估值加上利潤率難以持續的壓力,令投資風險增加。Saab需要大規模投資產能及研發,短期內可能壓縮利潤,對股價表現形成阻力。

對香港及亞洲投資者而言,這反映了防務股的雙重挑戰:一方面,訂單持續增長帶來業績保障;另一方面,全球政治及經濟環境波動,匯率變化及財政政策限制利潤空間。投資者在選擇防務股時,需兼顧估值合理性及長期成長潛力,避免追高。BAE的防守型特質配合合理估值,或許更適合追求穩健收益的投資者;而Saab則適合風險承受能力較高、願意等待估值回歸的長線投資者。

整體而言,這次評級調整提供了市場對兩大歐洲防務巨頭不同風險與機遇的清晰視角,提醒投資者在全球防務需求增長的大背景下,仍需謹慎評估估值與長期利潤可持續性。

以上文章由GPT 所翻譯及撰寫。

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