美國加關稅 衝擊消費品價錢大戰揭秘




消費品企業如何應對美國關稅衝擊:價格策略大不同

從玩具、運動鞋到嬰兒尿片,各類消費品公司正採取不同策略,應對美國加徵關稅帶來的成本壓力,這些策略往往取決於目標消費者的消費能力。

以運動品牌Adidas為例,計劃在美國推出更高價的新產品;牛仔褲巨頭Levi Strauss則將減少促銷活動;而包裝用品大廠寶潔(Procter & Gamble)將從下週起調漲產品價格。

自美國總統特朗普於4月2日宣布新一輪「解放日」關稅以來,全球許多大型企業已多次警告,沉重關稅將擠壓其利潤空間。如今,這些公司開始明確調整營運策略,以緩和成本上升、貿易政策不確定性及消費者信心下滑的負面影響。

各企業的應對方式差異,反映出它們對於能否將成本轉嫁給消費者而不損害銷量的不同判斷。經濟與地緣政治的不穩定令不少消費者收緊荷包,尤其是中低收入家庭,對日常用品價格上漲的接受度較低;相反,中高收入群體則可能願意為高價非必需品支付更多。

摩根士丹利分析師指出:「關稅將成為一種累退稅,對中低收入家庭的消費影響相對更大。」

法國化妝品集團L’Oreal暫未調整價格,但行政總裁Nicolas Hieronimus正仔細檢視旗下從Valentino香水到La Roche-Posay護膚品等多樣產品,評估消費者可接受的價格調整範圍。他表示:「我們仍在評估所有可能性,也在等待局勢明朗。香水產品在定價上有一定空間,但也要考慮需求彈性,未來如何調整還需觀察。」

路透社追蹤的全球關稅監測中,近300家企業中至少92家已宣布因應貿易戰調漲價格,當中約三分之一屬於消費品領域。

部分奢侈品牌在價格調整上更具彈性。Hermes作為愛馬仕鉑金包的製造商,已全球調漲7%價格,美國市場更額外加碼5%,明確表示會將關稅成本全數轉嫁給消費者。

跑車品牌Porsche和Aston Martin最近也在美國市場小幅提價,但同時發布獲利預警,凸顯市場仍處於脆弱狀態。Porsche行政總裁Oliver Blume警告:「這場風暴不會很快過去。」

價格盡量保持低位

玩具製造商Mattel在五月宣布對部分美國產品調漲價格。上週,財務長Paul Ruh表示,調價已完成,預計今年不會再有進一步漲價:「我們的目標是儘可能保持消費者的價格低位。」

Adidas美國官網上的Samba運動鞋起價約100美元,行政總裁Bjorn Gulden表示,關稅確定後將重新檢視價格,決定哪些產品可調漲,惟未透露具體漲幅。他指出:「新產品較容易調高價格,因為消費者沒有既有價格期望。」但他也提醒,考慮到貿易政策的不確定性和消費者「在多方面都有點沮喪」,過度調價風險不容忽視。

受此消息影響,Adidas股價週三暴跌逾11%,跌至2024年2月以來低點,反映投資者對其策略及消費者價格敏感度的擔憂。

Gulden強調:「非常重要的是,不要忽視低價產品市場,也不要認為只靠漲價就能減少銷量。」

評論與啟示:

這篇報道揭示了全球消費品巨頭在關稅壓力下的多元化應對策略,反映出企業在當前經濟環境中面對成本上升與消費者需求變化的兩難。值得注意的是,企業對不同消費群體的價格敏感度有著截然不同的判斷,這背後折射出貧富分化加劇及消費分層現象。

奢侈品牌有較大定價權,能較直接將成本轉嫁給高端消費者,但大眾市場品牌則需在保持銷量和漲價之間取得微妙平衡。這也提醒我們,關稅政策的影響不僅是經濟層面,更牽涉社會公平與消費者福利。

此外,企業傾向透過新產品調價來減少消費者反感,顯示創新與產品差異化在當前逆境中變得更加重要。從長遠看,這或促使品牌更重視產品設計和價值提升,避免單純以價格戰爭為策略。

最後,Adidas等品牌股價下跌反映出市場對消費者信心疲弱及價格敏感度提升的擔憂,顯示全球經濟不確定性正逐步侵蝕消費市場活力。對香港消費者而言,這種全球動態提醒我們,國際貿易政策變化可能直接影響日常生活成本,消費者和企業都需做好心理和財務準備迎接挑戰。

以上文章由特價GPT API KEY所翻譯及撰寫。

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