2026美國頁岩油:增長定衰退?




美國頁岩油在2026年的實力如何?

根據Jefferies最新的供應調查,美國頁岩油在踏入2026年時展現出比預期更穩健的動力,其預測顯示頁岩油產量將有適度增長,而非政府機構所預期的減少。

雖然市場普遍擔心油井生產力下降及經營商的保守指引,但Jefferies認為,由於大型上市公司的結構和規模優勢,頁岩油產量在明年將得以穩定。約70%的美國頁岩油現由這些大型上市企業操作,他們的規模經濟及效率提升成為Jefferies持較為樂觀看法的關鍵。

Jefferies分析師指出,大多數市場參與者預期2026年美國油產量會下降,能源信息署(EIA)預計頁岩油日產量將減少約22萬桶。但Jefferies的模型卻顯示,2026年美國黑油頁岩產量將年增約4.8萬桶/日,主要因Permian盆地的增產可抵消成熟盆地的減產。

Jefferies的基線預測假設鑽探及完井效率將提升,鑽井水平井段加長,每口井的產油量也會有小幅增長。Permian盆地仍是主要的增長引擎,預計2026年該盆地年增產6.6萬桶/日,幾乎佔美國頁岩油增產總量的全部。

該區域預計在2026年底的產量會略高於2025年底,儘管第二季度因鑽井時序影響會有短暫下滑。Jefferies分析師Lloyd Byrne表示,技術進步有助於抵消地質條件帶來的挑戰,預計之後將保持適度增長。

不過,油井生產力仍在下降。2025年,Midland及Delaware地區的平均油井生產力按標準化累積產量計算,下降約6%。雖然更長的水平鑽井段緩和了這種影響,但每英尺產量的下降在不同經營商和子盆地普遍存在。

只有少數公司報告生產力持平或提升,其中ConocoPhillips是唯一在2025年Delaware盆地生產力提升的經營商,主要因增加了核心產地的投資。相比之下,APA Corp、Coterra Energy及Devon Energy等公司則出現兩位數的下滑。

儘管如此,效率仍在改善。Jefferies預測,2026年美國石油專用鑽機的效率將達到每台鑽機完成約1.91口井,高於2025年的1.84口,且預期每月完井數量將增加。大型、整合度高的生產商保持穩定的鑽井計劃,即使單口井表現下滑,整體供應仍維持穩定。

除了油產,伴生天然氣的增長依然強勁。Permian盆地預計2026年將新增約13億立方英尺/日的乾氣產量,受益於氣油比上升和次級層位的進一步開發。雖然管道運輸限制持續到2026年末新輸送能力上線前仍是一挑戰,但Jefferies認為,除非油價大幅下跌,該盆地有望在本世紀末前持續每年增加約20億立方英尺/日的乾氣產量。

綜合分析,Jefferies認為美國頁岩油在2026年將有溫和但持久的擴張,主要得力於大型上市公司的規模優勢、效率提升及Permian盆地的持續強勁表現。其基本預測是,2026年底的油產量將與2025年底大致持平,除非油價期貨大幅下跌。

評論及深度分析

Jefferies對2026年美國頁岩油市場持樂觀態度,反映出大型上市公司在頁岩油產業中的主導地位和技術進步的重要性。這種規模經濟和技術提升不僅能抵消單口井產能下降的負面影響,更為產量穩定提供保障。與此同時,政府機構如EIA的較悲觀預測,似乎未能完全捕捉這些市場動態,顯示市場參與者應更細緻地分析產業結構變化。

Permian盆地作為美國頁岩油的「心臟」,其增產潛力不容忽視。Jefferies指出的技術創新(如更長水平井段)和效率提升,為地質條件帶來的挑戰提供了有效對策。這凸顯了能源產業中技術進步對產量維持的關鍵作用。

然而,油井生產力的普遍下降提醒我們,頁岩油資源的可持續開發依然面臨挑戰。這種生產力衰退若未能透過技術突破或新資源開發加以緩解,長遠來看可能限制產量增長潛力。投資者應關注企業如何通過技術創新和資產優化來應對這一問題。

此外,伴生氣體產量的增長和管道限制問題也值得關注。管道瓶頸在短期內可能壓制氣體市場,但隨著新基建落成,天然氣產業鏈有望進一步整合,提升整體產能和市場靈活性。

總體而言,Jefferies的分析為美國頁岩油市場提供了一個較為積極的視角,強調了大型上市公司和技術創新的重要性。對於香港及全球的能源投資者來說,這提醒我們在評估頁岩油行業未來時,不僅要看傳統的地質和產量數據,還要深入理解產業結構變化和技術發展趨勢,從而做出更全面的判斷和決策。

以上文章由特價GPT API KEY所翻譯及撰寫。

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