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為何我們尚未擁有真正的量子計算

量子計算有望徹底改變從人工智能到藥物發現等多個行業,但目前仍面臨重大挑戰。根據目前的觀察,量子計算極有可能成為中期內最具顛覆性的技術之一。

原因在於:利用物質在亞原子層面上的性質,通過利用糾纏和疊加等奇特現象,某些類型的計算可以大幅加速。

這些計算包括:

– 在大量數據集中識別模式
– 解決涉及多個變量的複雜優化問題
– 用於編碼和解碼信息的加密技術
– 解決人工智能、藥物和材料發現及網絡安全等重要現實挑戰,這些都依賴於這些計算。因此,量子計算的影響可能會非常巨大。

不過,也有一些人認為,真正的量子計算仍然遙不可及。Nvidia CEO 黃仁勳最近的言論使量子計算提供商的股票價格出現小幅下跌。他認為“非常有用的量子計算機”可能需要30年的時間才能實現。

另一方面,證據顯示量子計算正變得越來越可及。大多數主要的雲服務提供商——如谷歌、亞馬遜和微軟——都提供量子服務,還有不斷增長的初創企業和破壞性技術公司,如D-Wave和IonQ。

那麼,今天可用的量子計算機和未來真正有用的量子計算機之間有什麼區別呢?

當前的量子計算機——NISQ時代

雖然當前的量子計算機是工程上的奇蹟,但它們仍然受到許多限制。因此,當前的量子計算時代被稱為“雜訊中間規模量子”(NISQ)時代。儘管不斷取得改進和突破,但現有系統的可用性仍受限於故障容忍度低、由於量子比特(qubit)衰退導致的高錯誤率以及對干擾的極高敏感性。

大多數系統仍依賴傳統計算架構來處理許多任務,這造成了速度瓶頸。

儘管當前最強大的量子計算機擁有約1000個量子比特,但一些人預測,解決先進問題可能需要數十萬甚至數百萬的量子比特。

增加新的量子比特並不像聽起來那麼簡單。事實上,這是一個極其複雜的工程問題,因為量子比特必須與外界隔離以防止去相干,並且必須冷卻到接近絕對零度的溫度。

簡而言之,當前的技術大多屬於實驗性質、概念驗證或原型。儘管它們在不斷改進,但尚未達到工業應用所需的可擴展和穩健的系統。

邁向量子優越性

儘管挑戰依然存在,近年來已經取得了一些重大進展。

谷歌最近宣布,通過結合多個量子比特來製作邏輯量子比特,他們開發了改進量子計算錯誤容忍度的革命性方法。

新型量子比特,如光子量子比特和被困離子量子比特,在改善穩定性方面也顯示出前景。

此外,在室溫量子比特的開發上也取得了突破,這可能消除超冷卻所需的高昂成本。

在量子計算真正實用之前,還需要建立相應的基礎設施。

這包括創建量子編程語言,如微軟的Q#、IBM的Qiskit或開源的PennyLane,還有操作系統。

微軟最近宣布了一項突破,推出了世界首個拓撲量子比特處理器Majorana 1。這個處理器利用全新的物質狀態來顯著提高量子比特的穩定性和規模,潛在上可以在單個芯片上集成超過一百萬個量子比特,這是邁向實用量子計算的一大步。

當然,還存在著建立能夠充分利用這些技術的人才隊伍的挑戰。這需要對教育、技能和培訓進行大量投資。

因此,我們正朝著量子優越性的方向前進——即量子計算機能夠解決傳統計算機無法解決的問題的那一點。

雖然“真正的”量子計算可能不會立即到來,但我認為不久的將來,我們至少能開始看到它在我們生活中的影響。

作為一名記者,我認為量子計算的發展值得我們持續關注。隨著技術的不斷演進,量子計算將可能在金融、醫療、環境科學等多個領域帶來顯著的變革。我們需要不斷探索如何將這些技術應用於現實世界,以最大化其潛力。量子計算的未來是一個充滿希望的領域,但同時也需警惕其潛在的挑戰和風險。

以上文章由特價GPT API KEY所翻譯及撰寫。而圖片則由FLUX根據內容自動生成。

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