量子電腦威脅比特幣安全新挑戰




量子威脅不止於比特幣錢包被攻擊:Coinbase分析師揭示更深層風險

Coinbase投資研究主管David Duong指出,量子計算的進步不僅威脅到比特幣錢包的安全,還可能破壞比特幣的經濟和安全模型,因為量子電腦能以更高效率挖掘比特幣區塊。

量子計算是否會成為加密貨幣行業的威脅一直備受爭議。理論上,更先進的量子電腦有能力破解加密技術,揭露用戶私鑰及敏感資料。然而,Duong在週一的LinkedIn貼文中指出,另一個潛在問題正在逼近。他認為,在「Q日」(量子電腦成熟日)來臨時,核心風險在於量子電腦能運行Shor和Grover算法,破壞比特幣的加密簽名技術。

他解釋,比特幣的安全主要依賴兩大加密基石:用於交易簽名的橢圓曲線數字簽名算法(ECDSA)和用於工作量證明挖礦的SHA-256。

> 「這意味著量子電腦實際上帶來兩種威脅。它們可能破解私鑰的加密安全,讓攻擊者能從易受攻擊的地址竊取資金;同時,也可能更高效地挖掘區塊,擾亂比特幣的經濟和安全模型。」

量子計算可能打破礦工平衡

比特幣礦工利用計算能力和能源解決複雜數學問題,將交易區塊加入網絡。量子電腦被推測能比現有電腦快上數百倍甚至更多。

例如,51%攻擊需要龐大計算能力,攻擊者或攻擊集團若控制超過半數比特幣挖礦算力,便能操控區塊鏈。

Duong表示,雖然量子挖礦仍受制於擴展限制,暫時不是首要擔憂,但簽名遷移問題才是核心挑戰。

> 「總體而言,我們不認為量子計算是即將來臨的威脅,因為現有機器規模仍遠不足以破解比特幣加密。但我們很高興看到開源社群持續警惕,積極研發後量子時代的遷移方案。」

懷疑派認為量子威脅仍遙遠

懷疑派如密碼朋克Adam Back認為,量子計算帶來的威脅被過度誇大,相關技術可能還要數十年才會成熟。

但另一派如量化比特幣及數字資產基金Capriole創辦人Charles Edwards則認為威脅迫在眉睫,必須更早採取措施保障網絡安全。

評論與啟示

這篇報道揭示了量子計算對比特幣生態系統的雙重威脅,不僅是私鑰安全,更關乎整個挖礦機制和經濟模型的穩定性。傳統上,大家多聚焦於量子破解私鑰的風險,卻忽略了量子計算可能讓某些礦工擁有壟斷式的算力優勢,從而破壞區塊鏈的去中心化和安全性。

這提醒我們,比特幣社群和技術開發者必須提前布局,不僅要研發抗量子攻擊的加密簽名算法,也要考慮如何防範量子挖礦帶來的算力不均問題。這或許需要在共識機制和挖礦算法上進行根本性調整,甚至探索全新機制。

此外,報道中提及的不同觀點反映出業界對量子威脅的分歧。這種分歧本身也為我們提供了思考空間:技術風險管理不應只看短期,更要有長遠眼光,平衡現實與潛在風險,才能確保區塊鏈技術的持續健康發展。

對香港及全球加密貨幣用戶而言,這是個重要提醒:量子計算雖未即時威脅,但相關技術的演進不可忽視,投資者和開發者都應密切關注技術動態,積極參與或支持後量子加密技術的研究與應用,為未來可能的「量子時代」做好準備。

以上文章由GPT 所翻譯及撰寫。圖片由Gemini 根據內容自動生成。

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