輝達股價暴跌:AI晶片出口管制收緊




美國加緊AI芯片出口限制 Nvidia股價急挫,全球科網股受壓

美國再收緊AI芯片出口 Nvidia股價大跌5.5%

週二(美國時間),著名AI芯片生產商Nvidia的股票在美國交易時段一度大跌高達5.5%,原因是美國政府突然宣佈進一步收緊針對中國的AI半導體出口限制。這個新政策加大了對Nvidia、AMD、Intel等美國主導晶片企業的限制,直接衝擊整個科技界。

這次收緊的出口管制令,特別針對最先進的AI加速卡,包括Nvidia暢銷於中國的H800及A800等型號。美國商務部表示,管制會防止這些高端晶片繞道經第三國送進中國,吹哨者和技術分析公司指出,有中國客戶過去數月試圖以香港、阿聯酋、及新加坡等中介地區採購晶片。新措施將於短期內生效。

波及效應蔓延至全球科技及供應鏈

Nvidia在美國上市的市值龐大,甚至一度成為全球市值王,今次急跌即時連帶其他科技股同瀑布式下滑,AMD同樣下挫3.6%,台積電、美光及相關亞洲供應鏈股份亦顯著受壓。納斯達克整體科技板塊亦顯露疲態,顯示市場對美國政府的制裁舉措憂慮難定。

去年美方首次對AI芯片出口中國實施管制已影響業界盈利增長,Nvidia等業者為應對限制,特意推出「閹割版」型號搶佔中國商機;今次措施更廣泛,意味中國市場短期內「超算」發展勢必踩煞車,亦破壞了全球AI基建供應的預期穩定性。

根據業界估算,中國佔Nvidia該等AI晶片的出貨收入約20%至25%。美國政府堅稱,管制是出於國家安全考慮,防範中國軍事人工智能加速超越。

業界憂慮長遠人才、研發競爭力受損

雖然Nvidia行政總裁黃仁勳過去數次形容中國的市場所帶來收入已變得「不可靠」,但全球業界普遍認為,持續惡化的美中科技戰,對各路新創AI、雲運算、大學科研、芯片設計、伺服器製造以至半導體供應鏈均構成前所未有的結構性挑戰。

部分分析師指出,中國加速本土AI晶片、自行設計GPU的意欲更迫切,即使短期內競爭力未及美國頂級,長遠則可能推動中國自主創新突破。美國出發點是阻截中國「軍民融合」的科技進步,但實際效果可能是一場全球範圍的「去全球化」實驗。

強制切割科技供應鏈,非但傷及中國,長遠同樣削弱了西方科技巨企的規模效應及人才流動。更有聲音憂慮,全球創新速度因為政治考慮而放慢,AI產業寡頭壟斷現象可能加劇,削弱新創企業和第三地區的競爭力。

編輯評析:分裂的AI未來 — 技術冷戰下的雙刃劍

美國今次加緊對華AI芯片出口管制,表面上是「國安」理由,實際卻像一場高科技時代的冷戰升級。過去四十年全球化下,Nvidia等巨頭之興起,靠的是全球市場及供應鏈自由流動。如今美國領頭「脫鉤」,是否真能維護科技霸權?還是最終讓新科技版圖「一分為二」?

這種「選邊站」勢將重塑整個創新格局,不止中國要發展「中國芯」,東南亞、印度、中東等「第3方」亦有機會崛起。對香港、中國以至亞太經濟圈,「技術孤島化」是否代表風險?還是創造本地自給自足技術產業的突破口?

再從社會文化看,AI不只改寫產業,更涉及網絡安全、數據主權、民主與監控秩序的鬥爭。美國「卡脖子」戰略,可能在短期能遏制競爭對手,但加劇新冷戰氛圍,世界會否邁向「雙軌科技」,民主與專制各自圍城,各自演化?

同時,我們還要問一個更深層的問題:當全球AI潮流愈來愈難自由交流,資金、人才、技術流向成為「戰略資產」,未來誰還能在全球打造像Nvidia這樣顛覆性的企業?又會否有更小規模、多極化、分散去中心化的新AI創變力量從邊緣冒起?

現實是,政治決策讓科技遠離「純粹創新」的軌道,世界科技發展未來只會更兩極、更多不確定,這一切效應香港、亞洲乃至全球市場都不得不未雨綢繆。

Nvidia商標於香港街頭

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