聯合國海洋保護籌資差距 投資者盼明確管理規範

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聯合國推動海洋保護投資 會議籌得約100億美元 遠低於實際需求

倫敦報道 — 聯合國日前在法國尼斯舉行的海洋保護會議上,推動投資以保護全球海洋,最終達成約100億美元的投資協議,但這遠遠低於每年所需的龐大資金。許多投資者表示,在海洋管理的規管政策更明確之前,難以投入資金。

會議期間,聯合國成員國領袖採取措施應對過度捕撈及污染問題,這些威脅正損害海洋脆弱的生態系統及依賴海洋生活的社群。然而,要令各國同意加強海洋治理框架依然困難重重。

迄今為止,只有50個國家批准了2023年由超過130國家同意的《公海條約》,該條約旨在規範國際水域並打擊有害行為。美國因前總統特朗普退出多項氣候協議,尚未批准該條約。

英國渣打銀行自然資產主管奧利佛·威瑟斯指出,缺乏明確的治理架構和可靠的海洋數據,令私營部門的投資受阻。「公海並不屬於任何一個主權國家,這是與陸地截然不同的挑戰,因為沒有單一主權國對公海負責。」

在法國會議期間,絕大部分投資來自公共部門銀行,包括拉丁美洲及加勒比發展銀行提供的25億美元,以及一組開發銀行合共30億歐元(約35億美元)用於對抗塑膠污染。

雖然投資額有所增加,但與實際需求仍相差甚遠。根據聯合國估計,2015至2019年間,每年需要約1750億美元,但實際投資僅有100億美元。

聯合國開發計劃署政策及方案支持局副局長法蘭辛·皮卡普表示:「公共資金不足,而私人資金更少,這個領域仍處於起步階段。」她強調,改善政策環境和規管,尤其是取消鼓勵過度捕撈的補貼,是關鍵所在,隨後才能建立更多投資項目,包括聚焦海洋科技的新創企業。

據行業追蹤機構Sightline Climate提供的數據,海洋科技在2020至2025年間只佔總投資額2020億美元的0.4%,不過2025年初的投資有所回升。

法國巴黎銀行資產管理生物多樣性主管羅伯特-亞歷山大·普賈德表示,投資者期望政府和政策制定者能夠解決系統性風險,「如果條約有嚴格的執行機制,我會非常支持。」

解決資金不足問題,需要政策制定者和投資者共同努力,應對影響海洋生物多樣性和海洋健康的多重挑戰。

全球氣溫上升令海洋變暖,加劇水體酸化和珊瑚白化等現象。氣候科學家指出,若能如計劃減排碳足跡,這些問題將有所改善。

此外,過度捕撈、海上污染船隻、海上石油鑽探,甚至未來可能的深海採礦,均對海洋健康構成威脅,科學家、海洋專家及投資者均呼籲加強政策管控。

儘管進展緩慢,但尼斯會議出現曙光,逾20國支持法國呼籲禁止深海採礦,並新設多個海洋保護區。

塞舌爾農業、氣候變化及環境部長弗拉維安·朱伯形容海洋是「我們最後一片無視未來的掠奪之地」,形容現狀如同「放任自流的無政府狀態」。

(美元兌歐元匯率約為1美元兌0.8693歐元)

編者評論:海洋保護投資的挑戰與未來方向

這次聯合國海洋會議所籌得的100億美元雖看似驚人,但與實際所需的年均1750億美元相比,仍是杯水車薪。這反映出海洋治理在全球經濟和政策架構中的薄弱地位。尤其是公海無主權國家,導致治理欠缺統一和強制性規範,令私營資本難以放心大舉投入。

投資者普遍期待更明確和可執行的國際規則,如《公海條約》能夠成為一把「利劍」,真正打擊非法捕撈和污染行為,並推動可持續發展。美國等大國尚未加入,為全球海洋治理增添不確定性,這需要國際社會持續施壓和協調。

此外,政策層面取消鼓勵過度捕撈的補貼,是改變現狀的關鍵一步。畢竟,經濟誘因是決定行為改變的核心。只有當政策、監管與資金支持形成合力,才能推動海洋科技和保護措施的突破。

最後,海洋問題與氣候變化密不可分。遏制全球暖化、減少碳排放,對於緩解海洋酸化和珊瑚礁死亡至關重要。這要求全球在氣候與海洋政策上同步發力,才能為地球的「藍色心臟」帶來真正的復甦希望。

海洋是人類最後的「公共財產」,其保護與利用必須跨越國界,結合科技創新、政策改革與全球合作。未來對海洋的投資不只是環保,更是人類永續生存的戰略必需。作為香港及全球讀者,我們應關注這些國際動態,並推動本地與區域在海洋治理上的積極參與與創新。

以上文章由特價GPT API KEY所翻譯及撰寫。

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