美逼油企巨資投委內瑞拉換債務




美國施壓大型石油公司:想要追回委內瑞拉欠款,必須大舉投資

休斯頓消息──根據兩名熟悉相關情況的消息人士透露,白宮及美國國務院近週已向美國石油業高層表示,若他們想要從委內瑞拉追回早於二十年前被徵用的資產賠償,必須盡快重返該國並投入大量資金振興當地飽受破壞的石油產業。

2000年代初期,當時的委內瑞拉總統烏戈·查韋斯要求國營石油公司PDVSA加強對外國石油企業的營運控制,部分國際石油公司拒絕配合,結果其資產被委內瑞拉政府徵用。美國大型石油公司雪佛龍(Chevron)選擇與PDVSA談判,成立合資企業繼續留守,而埃克森美孚(Exxon Mobil)和康菲石油(ConocoPhillips)則退出並提起仲裁訴訟。

前總統特朗普於上周六表示,美國公司準備重返委內瑞拉,投資數十億美元以重啟該國疲弱的石油產業,當時正值美軍拘捕並罷黜委內瑞拉總統馬杜羅(Nicolás Maduro)之後數小時。

根據美國政府近期與石油業高層的討論,若馬杜羅下台,美國石油公司必須先自行投入資金重建委內瑞拉的石油產業,這將是他們未來能夠追回因徵用損失債務的前提條件之一。

這對康菲石油等企業而言是一筆龐大投資。康菲多年來一直試圖追回約120億美元的查韋斯時代國有化資產賠償,埃克森美孚也提起國際仲裁,求償約16.5億美元。

特朗普上月開始公開提及委內瑞拉的國有化問題,並下令封鎖受到制裁的油輪。

重返委內瑞拉的條件與挑戰

消息人士指出,這些公司是否重返委內瑞拉,將取決於企業高層、董事會與股東如何評估在該國重新投資的風險。

康菲石油發言人回覆路透社表示,公司正密切關注委內瑞拉的發展及其對全球能源供應和穩定的潛在影響,目前對未來業務或投資活動做出任何推測為時尚早。埃克森美孚則未立即回應相關詢問。

即便石油公司同意回流委內瑞拉,實際油產量的顯著提升仍需數年時間。委內瑞拉擁有全球最大石油儲備之一,但過去數十年因管理不善、投資不足及美國制裁,產量急劇下滑。

除了合約框架的不確定性,考慮重返的企業還需面對安全問題、基礎設施落後、美軍拘捕馬杜羅的合法性疑慮,以及長期政治動盪的可能性,分析師向路透社指出。

委內瑞拉身為石油輸出國組織(OPEC)創始成員,1970年代曾每日生產高達350萬桶石油,占全球產量逾7%。但2010年代產量曾跌至每日不足200萬桶,去年平均僅約110萬桶,約佔全球總產的1%。

編者評論與觀點

美國政府此舉,明顯是希望借助美國大型石油公司的資金與技術,重新掌控並振興委內瑞拉的石油產業,同時藉此向前政府時代的國有化賠償問題施壓。這不僅是經濟層面的談判,更是政治博弈的延伸。

然而,對石油公司來說,重返委內瑞拉無疑是高風險高回報的投資。該國政治局勢依然不穩,社會治安與基建問題嚴重,且國際制裁尚未完全解除。石油市場本身供過於求,油價波動加劇,投資回報期長且不確定,這讓企業決策層需極為謹慎。

從另一角度看,美國此舉或許也反映出其在全球能源地緣政治的戰略佈局。委內瑞拉的油田蘊藏巨大,若成功吸引美資深度介入,將重塑拉美地區能源版圖,對俄羅斯、中國等國在該區的影響力構成挑戰。

對香港及全球投資者來說,這事件提醒我們能源市場的複雜性和政治風險,投資石油行業不僅要關注市場供需,更要緊盯國際政治動態和地緣經濟變化。未來若委內瑞拉石油產量恢復,或將對全球油價產生重大影響,值得持續關注。

以上文章由GPT 所翻譯及撰寫。

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