美國鐵路巨頭85億併購創歷史新猷




聯合太平洋斥資850億美元收購諾福克南方,打造美國首個橫跨東西海岸貨運鐵路巨頭

路透社報道,聯合太平洋(Union Pacific)周二宣布,將以850億美元收購較小的競爭對手諾福克南方(Norfolk Southern),此交易若獲批准,將創造美國首個從東岸到西岸覆蓋全國的貨運鐵路運營商,徹底改變美國從穀物到汽車等貨物的運輸格局。

這宗交易若成功,將成為鐵路行業史上最大規模的收購案。聯合太平洋主要掌控美國西部三分之二地區的鐵路網絡,諾福克南方則擁有約19,500英里(31,400公里)覆蓋22個東部州的鐵路系統。兩家公司合併後,企業價值估計達2,500億美元,預計每年可釋放約27.5億美元的協同效益。

收購價格為每股320美元,較諾福克南方7月17日收市價溢價18.6%,當時已有合併傳聞傳出。雙方於上周四表示已進入合併的深入磋商階段,並有消息透露,雙方談判於今年5月正式啟動。

不過,這宗交易將面臨嚴格的監管審查,工會方面擔心合併會導致運費上升、服務中斷以及裁員風險。1996年聯合太平洋與南太平洋鐵路(Southern Pacific)合併時,曾一度引發西南地區嚴重擁堵和延誤。

此次交易也反映出美國前總統特朗普政府對反壟斷執法政策的轉變。特朗普政府簽署多項行政命令,旨在消除合併壁壘,推動更多大型企業整合。

美國鐵路監管機構——表面運輸委員會(STB)主席派屈克·福克斯(Patrick Fuchs)於今年1月上任,支持加快初步審查流程並對合併條件採取更靈活態度。根據法例,STB的審查程序需時16個月,但消息人士透露,兩家公司計劃在6個月內向STB提交申請,預期交易將於2027年初完成。

多個主要鐵路工會長期反對行業合併,理由是合併會威脅就業並影響鐵路服務質素。代表超過1,800名鐵路調度員的SMART交通部門(國際鈑金、空氣、鐵路及運輸工人協會)表示,將在STB審查期間反對這宗合併案,指出合併可能對工人安全、服務質量及貨運鐵路產業的長遠健康帶來負面影響。

此外,北美鐵路業正面對貨運量波動、勞工及燃料成本上升,以及來自貨主對服務穩定性的日益關注,這些因素或令合併過程更加複雜。消息公布後,聯合太平洋及諾福克南方股價均下跌約3%。

鐵路行業整合浪潮持續,競爭對手亦積極謀求合併

這宗交易亦促使其他競爭對手展開合併探討,包括由投資大亨巴郡哈撒韋(Berkshire Hathaway)持有的BNSF鐵路,以及CSX公司。據悉,雖然巴郡充裕的現金儲備理論上足以支持BNSF競購諾福克南方,但考慮到董事長沃倫·巴菲特反對惡意收購,以及現金收購無法讓諾福克南方股東分享未來增值收益,這種可能性不大。

聯合太平洋此次以約70%股票支付收購款。密西根州立大學供應鏈管理系代理主任Jason Miller表示,合併後的鐵路公司將在大多數貨物市場佔據最大份額,勢必對BNSF和CSX造成壓力,促使它們考慮合併可能性。

STB已開始進行準備工作,預計未來不僅會收到聯合太平洋的合併申請,還可能迎來另一宗大型合併提案。若兩宗合併均獲批准,北美Class I鐵路公司數目將由6家減至4家,進一步整合主要貨運路線,提升行業定價能力。

鐵路信號員兄弟會則對合併後的安全、透明度及員工待遇表示關注,並承諾在監管審查期間爭取保障措施。

行業最大合併回顧及顧問團隊

鐵路行業近年最大規模合併是加拿大太平洋鐵路(Canadian Pacific)與堪薩斯城南方鐵路(Kansas City Southern)以310億美元合併,創造首個連接加拿大、美國及墨西哥的單一鐵路網絡。該合併於2023年完成,雖遭遇監管阻力,但最終獲批。

本次聯合太平洋收購由摩根士丹利和富國銀行擔任財務顧問,諾福克南方則由美國銀行獨家擔任財務顧問。

評論與啟示

這宗史無前例的850億美元鐵路收購案,不僅是美國貨運鐵路行業的一大里程碑,更標誌著產業整合進入新階段。從宏觀角度看,合併能帶來規模經濟和協同效應,提升跨國貨物運輸效率,對提升美國物流競爭力意義重大。然而,這種大規模合併也帶來不少挑戰,尤其是如何平衡企業盈利與公共利益。

工會的反對聲音值得正視,過去合併曾帶來的擁堵和服務質量問題不能忽視。鐵路行業作為公共基礎設施,服務穩定性和員工安全是不可妥協的底線。監管機構如何在促進產業現代化和保護勞工權益間找到平衡,將成為未來審查的關鍵。

此外,合併引發的市場集中度提升,有可能削弱競爭,令運費上升,這對依賴鐵路運輸的中小企業和消費者也有潛在影響。監管層需嚴格審視合併後的市場行為,以防止壟斷。

最後,這一事件也反映出美國經濟政策環境的變化,特朗普時代的監管放鬆促使更多企業整合,這種趨勢可能會在其他行業引發連鎖反應。投資者和業界人士應密切關注政策動向與行業競爭格局的變化,謹慎評估合併帶來的長遠影響。

以上文章由特價GPT API KEY所翻譯及撰寫。

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Selfie in the gym, young woman with messy bun and cream jacket, sitting on a training machine, aesthetic sporty, indoor lighting. Without changing her face. Base Setup
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