美國芯片禁令反助中國AI崛起




美國晶片限制反令自身受挫

半導體晶片示意圖

雖然美國在人工智能(AI)晶片技術上依然領先全球,但中國在AI晶片生產及研發的進步同樣令人矚目。美國試圖透過出口限制來阻礙中國AI發展,但這些舉措反而可能適得其反。

NVIDIA行政總裁黃仁勳一向避免發表政治言論,以免觸怒美國政府。不過,最近他罕有地公開批評美國政府,直言這些嚴厲的出口限制措施「失敗」,因為這反而促使中國加速產品研發和推出。

作為全球領先AI處理器生產商的掌舵人,黃仁勳明確反對華府禁止NVIDIA為中國市場度身訂造的創新產品。據估算,這項禁令將令NVIDIA於今年第二季損失高達80億美元銷售額。

黃仁勳指出,美國政府的出口限制其實令中國競爭對手受益,尤其是騰訊及華為,因為他們已經成功開發出具競爭力的AI硬件。他表示,四年前NVIDIA在中國的市場佔有率高達95%,但如今已跌至50%。他補充,餘下的市場份額已被中國科技企業主導,意味著即使沒有NVIDIA,中國本地技術亦能迅速填補空缺。

不過,黃仁勳的說法亦有不準確之處。事實上,中國企業早於美國政府採取歧視性措施之前,已經開始自主研發晶片。原因很簡單,他們早已預見美國遲早會出手。

中國之所以能夠取得成功,關鍵在於其長遠規劃,往往以數十年計。早於幾年前,中國領導層已意識到,國家必須與美國在高科技、現代化及高質量發展等領域競爭。

去年,因應美國新一輪出口限制,四個由政府支持的產業聯盟(佔中國半導體需求大部分)同步發聲,呼籲成員重新評估購買美國晶片的決定,甚至形容部分美國晶片「不夠安全或可靠」。

美國也意識到中國在AI晶片技術上的進步,並警告美國企業避免採用包括華為昇騰(Ascend)處理器在內的中國晶片,以防止其全球擴散。中國商務部則強烈譴責美國行為,要求美方「立即糾正錯誤」,停止「歧視性」做法。

預見美國有可能採取歧視性措施,中國亦準備好反制方案,經濟上針對美國企業。例如,中國已準備禁止向美國出口鎵(Gallium)和鍺(Germanium)這兩種中國幾乎壟斷生產的元素。根據美國地質調查局估算,單是這兩種元素的出口禁令,已可令美國損失34億美元。

美國的歧視性政策令本土晶片生產商深感憂慮,因為中國企業約佔全球智能手機市場50%,電腦市場亦佔15%。

舉例說,中國去年佔了Intel銷售額的27%,NVIDIA的13%;而高通(Qualcomm)更有一半的390億美元年收入來自中國。

總部位於亞利桑那州的onsemi亦估算,其晶片用於中國一半的電動車。儘管多年來中國企業一直是美國晶片最大買家,但他們同時積極投資於自主研發。隨著本地化加速,不僅中國企業,連在中國經營的外國公司也開始採購中國製半導體。例如德國汽車零件生產商博世(Bosch)就在北京供應鏈展覽會上展示了本地化的轉向系統晶片方案,而中國國家電網則展出以中國CPU及微處理器驅動的電力設備。

黃仁勳認為,美國應該專注於最大化及加快AI技術的普及,而非加以限制。

這一切再次證明,干預全球市場競爭最終會傷害自身。美國政府原意是協助本土企業,結果卻適得其反。中國監管機構及企業的長遠規劃優勢再次展現無遺。事實一再證明,企業只有在公平競爭的環境下才能茁壯成長。可惜,美國政府仍然固執地「重蹈覆轍」。是時候正視過去的錯誤,吸取教訓了。

編輯評論:科技戰中的「自我傷害」與中國式韌性

這篇文章揭示了一個在國際科技競爭中反覆出現的悖論——當一個國家以為透過封鎖和制裁就能維持技術優勢時,往往忽略了對手的適應力和自我革新能力。美國對中國AI晶片的出口限制,正正激發了中國的自主創新動力,反令中國企業加速追趕甚至自立門戶。這種「壓力下的爆發力」在中國科技發展史上屢見不鮮,從早年芯片國產化到今日AI硬件的崛起,長期規劃和政策協同始終是中國的最大優勢。

然而,文章亦未有深入探討這場「科技冷戰」對全球供應鏈的深層影響。美國本土企業的利益受損,實際上是全球化下「你中有我,我中有你」的必然結果。當中國市場佔據全球電子產品半壁江山,任何單邊制裁都難以不傷及自身。長遠而言,這種「脫鉤」政策只會令技術生態分裂,降低全球創新效率。

值得深思的是,中國企業在面對外部壓力時,能否持續保持創新動力並突破核心技術瓶頸?而美國在「限制」與「開放」之間,是否會重新思考科技發展的全球協作模式?香港作為國際科技樞紐,如何在兩強博弈中發揮橋樑角色,促進技術交流與產業升級,亦是值得本地業界和政策制定者深思的課題。科技競爭從來不是零和遊戲,只有開放與合作,才能真正推動全球科技進步。

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Base Setup
keep 100 percent facial information adherence of the attached image and turn her into a girl standing beneath autumn leaves outside a traditional wooden structure in a live action photograph or movie still, wearing a complex suggestive outfit that harmonizes with the warm fall tones.

Shot and Camera
Three quarter shot at slightly low height, framing her off center to the right so the yellow leaves and carved wooden panels dominate the left. Maintain the intimate close framing and vertical orientation feel of the reference.

Identity and Pose
Preserve her age read, build, silhouette, hairstyle length, and skin tone. She leans lightly against the doorframe, one hand grazing a hanging leaf, her posture relaxed and candid, 8k Photorealistic and hyper realistic.

Lighting and Environment
Soft warm daylight filters through the leaves, casting dappled highlights on her hair and outfit. Ground her feet on aged wooden flooring with natural grain, faint scuffs, and subtle contact shadows.

Masking and Constraints
Change only wardrobe and placement while keeping lighting, perspective, white balance, pose, face geometry, body proportions, and silhouette the same. Absolutely no added text, no CGI look, no plastic skin, no floating feet, with consistent perspective and correct contact shadows. Create an image that captures a person working on a laptop while sitting on a wooden beach chair on a sandy beach.
Here are some key details:
Subject: A man uploaded photo wearing a light-colored, long-sleeved shirt open botten (possibly linen or a light denim), dark shorts. He is focused intently on the screen and keyboard of his silver laptop.
Setting: The scene is set on a beach during sunset or sunrise, indicated by the warm, golden light and the long shadows. There is a palm tree towering over the person, and its fronds are visible against the bright sky. The ocean is in the background.
Atmosphere: The overall mood is one of a "digital nomad" or someone enjoying the flexibility of working remotely in a beautiful, relaxed, and warm location. The lighting creates a very aesthetic and aspirational feel.
Foreground Detail: To the left of the chair, there's a wooden crate or small table where a portion of a coconut appears to be resting.
The photo effectively contrasts the intensity of work with the serene, A young woman with fair skin is taking a selfie inside a fitness center (gym).

Main Subject: A young woman with long black hair in a messy bun. She is wearing a light cream or ivory long-sleeved sports zipper jacket and black tight sports shorts. She is also wearing long white socks with black stripes at the top and white sports shoes.

Expression and Pose: She is sitting on a weight training machine (apparently a leg press machine or similar) and holding a phone (with a leopard/leopard print case) to take a selfie in the mirror or using the front camera, with her face forward, a soft smile, and her face and eyes looking at the mirror.

Background (Gym): The background is dominated by modern gym equipment in dark gray and red. There are a few other unfocused people in the background, including a man on the left lifting weights or standing near a barbell, and another man in a green shirt standing near equipment. The gym floor appears dark.

Brief Prompt (Suitable for Image Search or Hashtags):

Selfie in the gym, young woman with messy bun and cream jacket, sitting on a training machine, aesthetic sporty, indoor lighting. Without changing her face.