美國大行壓力測試通過 資本充足抗衰退

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美國22間大型銀行通過聯儲局嚴苛壓力測試 展現強韌資本實力

華盛頓消息——根據美國聯邦儲備局(Fed)週五公布的最新年度壓力測試結果,美國22間最大銀行在面對假設性嚴重經濟衰退的情況下,依然能保持強勁的資本水平,並持續提供貸款支持。即使承受數千億美元的損失,這些銀行依然展現了高度韌性。

聯儲局的壓力測試模擬了經濟衰退、失業率飆升及市場動盪的情境,結果顯示銀行整體損失超過5500億美元,資本比率下降1.8個百分點,但即使如此,銀行資本仍是監管最低要求的兩倍以上。平均而言,銀行的普通股權一級資本比率維持在11.6%,遠超4.5%的法定最低標準。

這項年度測試對銀行意義重大,因為測試成績決定了銀行必須持有的「壓力資本緩衝」水平,通常於每年8月最終確定。聯儲局官員指出,這次結果良好,意味著銀行很快可以向股東公布資本運用計劃,包括派息及股票回購。

Janney Montgomery Scott研究總監Chris Marinac表示,考慮到貸款增長放緩及資產負債表擴大,銀行可能會增加股票回購的比例,甚至在未來更重視回購而非派息。他補充,接受壓力測試的銀行過去五個季度的流通股數平均下降了3%。

部分分析師則認為,銀行強勁的資本狀況有助於推動更多貸款。Zacks Investment Management投資組合經理Brian Mulberry指出,銀行資本儲備超過兩倍法定要求,這為刺激貸款增長提供了空間。鑑於美國消費者仍保持強勁,這些銀行可能會回收部分資本,投入貸款業務。

2025年壓力測試相較2024年有所放寬,因測試所依據的經濟情景較為溫和。此次測試模擬全球嚴重衰退,商業地產價格下跌30%,住宅價格下跌33%,失業率激增5.9個百分點至10%。

在所有大型銀行中,摩根大通(JPMorgan Chase)表現最佳,資本比率達14.2%;而查爾斯·施瓦布(Charles Schwab)以32.7%居首,BMO美國業務則以7.8%最低。美國六大銀行在測試中均維持雙位數資本比率。

壓力測試機制面臨改革

隨著壓力測試進入轉型期,聯儲局計劃修訂測試方式,以回應業界對測試過於模糊及主觀的批評。2024年底,聯儲局提出將測試結果取兩年平均值,以減少波動性。目前相關規則制定仍在進行中,若2024及2025年結果平均計算,銀行資本比率下降將擴大至2.3個百分點。若規則今年完成,將於2026年第一季開始採用。

此外,聯儲局亦計劃公開測試情景和模型,並徵求公眾意見,增強透明度。

編者評論

這份壓力測試報告再次證明美國大型銀行在面對嚴峻經濟挑戰時,資本基礎穩健,有能力承受重大損失且維持放貸功能。對香港及全球金融市場而言,這是一個穩定信號,顯示美國銀行系統抗風險能力強,有助於緩解全球金融市場的不確定性。

然而,值得注意的是,聯儲局的測試情景雖然嚴苛,但仍屬假設模型,實際經濟環境可能更加複雜。此外,銀行加強股票回購而非增加貸款,或反映出對未來經濟增長的不確定性及風險偏好降低。這種策略短期內或有利於股價,但從長遠來看,若貸款增長乏力,可能影響實體經濟的資金流動。

聯儲局推動測試透明化及平均化結果的改革,將有助於業界和投資者更清楚理解銀行資本狀況及風險管理,提升監管的公信力。對香港金融監管機構而言,也可借鑑此例,優化本地銀行的壓力測試機制,強化金融市場穩定。

總括而言,美國銀行體系的韌性令人鼓舞,但未來仍須密切關注經濟走勢、監管政策變化及銀行資本運用策略的調整,才能全面評估金融市場的健康程度及發展趨勢。

以上文章由特價GPT API KEY所翻譯及撰寫。

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