特朗普關稅威脅迫使汽車供應商重組生產計劃




特朗普的關稅威脅促使汽車供應商重新考慮生產計劃

拉斯維加斯(路透社)- 隨著特朗普當選總統,全球汽車供應商正在評估他們的生產是否能轉移至美國或更接近美國,以應對特朗普承諾的關稅,這是CES展會上業內高管的觀察。

汽車行業在特朗普第一任期內已經經歷了八年的美國保護主義,包括真實和威脅的關稅,以及拜登總統下的《美國通脹減少法》。這些措施主要針對中國,尤其是拜登政府提出的禁止中國軟件和硬件進入美國市場的提議。

然而,特朗普誓言會進一步加碼,對全球進口商品徵收10%的統一關稅,對中國商品則高達60%的關稅。去年11月底,他還特別承諾,在1月20日就任後,對來自加拿大和墨西哥的進口商品徵收25%的關稅。

這麼高的關稅將難以轉嫁給消費者,並使許多在低成本市場生產的汽車零部件變得不具經濟效益,對中國的產品來說幾乎無法在美國市場銷售。

“任何人都可以算出來,”全球最大汽車零部件供應商博世(Bosch)北美總裁保羅·托馬斯對路透社表示。“如果是10%、20%或60%的關稅……你必須說,‘好吧,有多少種情景是合理的,我們應該採取哪些行動?’”

“我們已經在一些這些情景上開始行動,即使在特朗普上任之前。”托馬斯補充道。

在CES科技大會的間隙,托馬斯舉了一個理論上的例子,博世目前可能在馬來西亞或類似市場生產的通用電子控制單元,但現在“我們正在考慮在墨西哥或巴西等我們已有業務的地方生產。”

托馬斯表示,博世希望在1月20日之前了解實際情況,然後再做出任何“重大決策”,其他供應商和汽車製造商也持相同觀點。

在特朗普的第一任期內,他曾利用對特定國家或甚至單個汽車製造商的關稅威脅,促使他們提高美國的生產。

例如,當豐田(Toyota)在2017年初宣布計劃在墨西哥生產為美國消費者服務的Corolla轎車時,特朗普在推特上表示“絕不!在美國建廠,否則就要支付高額邊境稅。”不到一年,豐田宣布與馬自達共同投資16億美元在阿拉巴馬州建廠,特朗普宣告勝利。

首要目標

主要供應商在面對美國保護主義和新冠疫情期間的供應鏈大震蕩時,已經開始本地化生產,以避免零部件短缺或邊境稅的風險。

在拜登政府通過《美國通脹減少法》之後,這一進程加快了。該法案更多是“胡蘿蔔”而非“棍子”,鼓勵包括英國的道萊斯(Dowlais)在內的眾多供應商投資美國市場,因為他們尋求與汽車製造商簽訂尋求電動車補貼的合約,儘管即將上任的特朗普政府計劃拆解《通脹減少法》的部分內容。

德國供應商大陸(Continental)的首席執行官尼古拉·塞策告訴路透社,經過多年在各個地區本地化生產以服務當地客戶後,該公司在汽車行業或競爭對手中“相對暴露較少”。

但大陸正在與其北美供應商討論,是否有可用的本地替代零部件,以便避免關稅。“只要我們能進一步本地化,並且這樣做有意義,我們就會這麼做。”

本田(Honda)在墨西哥的生產能力約為20萬輛,每年80%的車輛出口到美國市場。在CES的一次圓桌會議上,本田執行副總裁楠田海原表示,根據關稅水平,“我們可能需要考慮改變生產地點……從墨西哥轉移到日本,或者從墨西哥轉移到其他地方。”

“我們尚未正式確定我們能做什麼,但我們正在詳細探討我們能做到的事情,”楠田補充道。

對中國商品可能出現的新一輪高關稅,進一步促使供應商尋找替代來源。為特斯拉供應電池的松下(Panasonic)能源,已經在努力將更多供應鏈轉移到北美,包括與合成石墨陽極材料生產商Novonix和加拿大天然石墨生產商Nouveau Monde Graphite的供應協議。

但松下能源北美總裁艾倫·斯旺告訴路透社,隨著特朗普即將上任,公司正在加快計劃,力求消除美國製造電池中所有中國成分。

斯旺表示,中國材料目前在其供應鏈中所佔比例不大,但目標是“不要讓供應鏈依賴中國。”

“這是我們的首要目標,”他補充道。

在這一背景下,汽車供應商面臨著重新考慮生產地點的壓力,這不僅是應對特朗普的關稅威脅,也是為了未來的市場競爭和可持續發展的長期規劃。隨著全球經濟的變化和政策的不確定性,企業必須靈活應對,才能在這個瞬息萬變的市場中保持競爭力。

以上文章由特價GPT API根據網上資料所翻譯及撰寫,過程中沒有任何人類參與 🙂

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Aesthetic cozy mirror selfie of a young man sitting casually on a chair, wearing a dark oversized hoodie and blue jeans, holding a professional camera in one hand, resting her face on the other hand with a soft dreamy smile. Warm beige indoor background with soft studio lighting, minimal modern interior. Cute cartoon-style doodles around her including a smiling sunflower character and hand-drawn yellow sun, playful white sketch lines around the camera. Handwritten romantic The same person, the same face, unaltered features. An almost hyperrealistic image with sharp detail, a stylish photograph captures a model standing against a backdrop of pristine white volcanic rocks. The stones are expertly arranged, revealing natural cracks in the beige hue. In a medium-length shot, the balance of luxury and meticulous attention to detail is striking. She wears a carefully tailored white suit: a jacket with a structured fabric, high shoulders, and precise waist trim, a deep V-neck that elegantly reveals the neckline without being contrived, and matching skirts that maintain clean lines and lend the look a classic, understated elegance. The head is covered by a wide-brimmed white straw hat, its high angle pointing forward and adorned with a bouquet of red and white roses resting on the front brim, adding a touch of drama and romance. Green eyes, professional makeup, full lips, and long, sleek blonde hair cascading over her shoulders. Her right hand lifts the brim of the hat as if adjusting it, while her left hand crosses her chest in a confident pose that reflects a strong feminine presence. The fabric's lines and texture are carefully highlighted with a long, graceful touch of movement. The fabric details are delicate and soft, with subtle ripples and hidden seams that enhance the sense of high craftsmanship. Soft lighting from the left creates a long shadow on the wall, giving the image depth and body without compromising the purity of the white. Shades of white blend with a touch of warm gray, and the red roses stand out as a focal point, adding warmth and visual dimension. The stone background creates a calming effect, allowing the fine details of the hat, suit, and roses to stand out. White volcanic stones. Natural fissures. Keywords: Luxury, High Fashion, Studio Photography, High Definition, Photographic Realism, Blonde Hair, Green Eyes, Professional Makeup, Cinematic Look, Color Balance. Negative Prompt: Blurry, Low Quality, Deformed Hands, Ugly, Plastic Look, Watermark, Oversaturated, Underexposed, Noise, Grain, Artifacts, Cropped, Halo, Glow {
"intro": "Create an ultra realistic 8K UHD DSLR photo based on the attached image as a reference of facial features, maintaining 100% likeness.",

"subject": {
"identity": "A beautiful real human woman portrayed as Cleopatra, seated majestically on her royal Egyptian throne, maintaining 100% likeness to the reference.",
"pose": "Confident, elegant, and seductive seated posture with her back straight and shoulders relaxed. One hand rests authoritatively on the throne’s armrest while firmly holding a ceremonial cobra staff, and the other hand rests sensually on her thigh. Her legs are positioned to subtly reveal the high slit of her gown, radiating queenly dominance, power, and allure.",
"hair": "Long, thick, voluminous hair flowing past her shoulders, colored deep dark brown with a rich natural sheen. The hair is worn loose and sleek with soft natural movement, cascading elegantly down her back and framing her face in a regal manner.",
"makeup": "Bold royal Egyptian glam with highly colorful eye makeup. Her eyes feature layered pigments of turquoise, sapphire blue, emerald green, and molten gold, enhanced with dramatic black ink-style Egyptian eyeliner extending boldly beyond the outer corners in graphic, calligraphic strokes. Metallic accents and micro-shimmer highlight the inner corners. Skin remains warm, glowing, and luminous with sculpted bronze contours, peachy blush, and radiant highlights. Brows are full, strong, and queenly. Lips are soft nude-peach with a glossy, luminous finish to balance the intense eye look.",
"attire": "An ultra-luxurious, sexy Cleopatra couture gown in pure luminous white. The gown is body-hugging through the bodice and hips, featuring a plunging deep neckline adorned with gold filigree, crystal embellishments, and sacred Egyptian symbols. A dramatic thigh-high slit reveals her leg elegantly. Additional elements include gold-thread embroidery, sculpted drapery, and gemstone accents along the waist and slit. A long, ultra-sheer, lightweight cape made of fine translucent silk chiffon flows from her shoulders, delicately dusted with gold shimmer and subtle hieroglyphic motifs, adding movement and divine softness to her powerful presence.",
"crown": "An extraordinarily grand and opulent Cleopatra headpiece—the ultimate royal Egyptian crown. Crafted from radiant gold, it features a dominant central cobra (uraeus) with emerald and lapis lazuli gemstone eyes, flanked by winged sun disks, lotus engravings, and layered ceremonial plates. The crown rises elegantly with intricate detailing, inlaid gemstones, and divine symmetry, making it unmistakably royal, powerful, and legendary.",
"accessories": "Lavish layers of royal accessories including an oversized beaded broad collar necklace in gold, turquoise, lapis lazuli, and carnelian; stacked gold arm cuffs engraved with hieroglyphs; gemstone-studded bangles; multiple ornate rings; a delicate gold waist chain draped over her hips; and detailed anklets with symbolic charms that enhance her divine queen status.",
"footwear": "Traditional Egyptian royal flat sandals crafted from gold-plated leather with delicate beaded straps, turquoise and lapis inlays, open-toe design, and sacred cobra and lotus motifs."
},

"throne": {
"design": "A massive, ultra-bonggang ancient Egyptian royal throne made of carved gold, obsidian, and polished stone.",
"details": "The throne is richly decorated with winged sun disks, twin cobras, lion-head armrests, lotus and papyrus carvings, and engraved hieroglyphs symbolizing power, eternity, and divine rule. The backrest rises high above her head like a ceremonial monument, inlaid with turquoise, lapis lazuli, and gold leaf patterns. Cushioned with deep ivory and gold-embroidered textiles, the throne radiates absolute authority and unmatched royal luxury."
},

"props": {
"primary": "A ceremonial golden staff topped with a sculpted cobra head, its eyes set with glowing emerald gemstones, symbolizing wisdom, protection, and supreme power.",
"secondary": "Golden jars, papyrus scrolls, gemstone offerings, decorative incense holders emitting thin smoke trails, sacred ceremonial artifacts, and royal insignias placed symmetrically around the throne platform."
},

"background": {
"setting": "A grand Egyptian throne room at night, glowing with warm torchlight and golden illumination.",
"details": "Towering sandstone walls fully carved with hieroglyphics and royal chronicles, monumental lotus and papyrus columns trimmed in gold, statues of Egyptian gods and goddesses standing guard, large braziers casting flickering firelight, patterned gold-and-turquoise stone flooring, and sheer linen curtains gently flowing in the warm desert breeze. Macro-to-micro details are visible throughout, with no blur effect—everything is crisp, sharp, and hyper-detailed."
},

"camera": {
"shot": "Half-body to three-quarter editorial portrait showcasing her throne, flowing white gown with cape, colorful inked eye makeup, crown, and cobra staff.",
"angle": "Eye-level royal perspective emphasizing her dominance, beauty, and divine authority.",
"lens": "85mm portrait lens with ultra-sharp clarity and deep texture definition.",
"lighting": "Cinematic warm golden torchlight combined with subtle shadow sculpting, enhancing gold textures, gemstones, fabric folds, and facial features; no blur effects.",
"quality": "Ultra-sharp, high-contrast, glossy editorial realism with 8K-level detail."
}
}