特朗普新政:停止制裁本土黑客,聚焦外國網絡威脅

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特朗普總統停止制裁本土黑客,修訂美國網絡安全政策

美國總統唐納德·特朗普簽署行政命令,禁止對本土網絡攻擊者實施制裁,意圖防止現有的網絡安全法規被用作政治工具,針對政治對手。具體來說,特朗普修訂了行政命令13694,限定制裁只適用於「外國人士」,從而縮小了針對利用網絡進行惡意活動的制裁範圍。他強調此舉旨在防止「濫用制裁對付國內政治對手」,並澄清「制裁不適用於與選舉相關的活動」。

此外,特朗普還大幅修訂了由前總統喬·拜登簽署的行政命令14144,以現代化美國的網絡安全政策。修訂內容明確將中國列為最持續的網絡威脅,其次是俄羅斯、伊朗和北韓。

此前拜登政府曾有一項規定,要求與政府服務互動的個人必須使用數字身份證,以防止身份盜用,但該規定已被移除,特朗普認為這可能會助長詐騙,因為這些身份證可能會發放給非法移民。

新修訂還要求「相關機構」加強邊境網絡閘道基礎設施的安全,以防止路由劫持。

特朗普稱現有的人工智能安全政策為「審查制度」

白宮同時釋出了相關說明文件,直接批評前兩任民主黨總統奧巴馬與拜登在網絡安全政策上的做法。特朗普指責拜登「偷偷將問題多多且分散注意力的議題納入網絡安全政策」,而他現在正著手清除這些內容。

在行政命令14144的修訂中,要求聯邦機構管理與人工智能(AI)相關的漏洞並追蹤事件。特朗普表示,這是應對AI威脅的替代方案,避免使用「審查」手段,並且是他推動AI創新、移除障礙的多項措施之一。

他批評許多科技公司採用的AI安全措施限制了技術能力,以避免產生有害輸出。當他第二次就職時,便撤銷了拜登政府為安全生成式AI制定的指導方針,暗示這些規範可能帶有「意識形態偏見或設計的社會議程」。

此外,特朗普削減了網絡安全與基礎設施安全局(CISA)一千萬美元的預算,並裁撤人員。其政府形容該局對抗錯誤信息的工作是「審查工業複合體」。白宮2026年度預算提案中,CISA將面臨近4.91億美元的經費削減。

上月,美國眾議院通過一項預算法案,禁止各州和地方政府在未來十年內對AI進行監管,主張監管權應由聯邦政府統一行使。新的行政命令支持這一立場,認為過去的立法「過度干預技術層面的網絡安全決策,這些決策應由部門和機構自行處理」。

不過批評者擔心,這將使不良科技公司免於對立法者和公眾負責。

特朗普陣營對現有政府層面的AI監管持強烈反對態度,認為監管阻礙科技創新,威脅美國經濟增長。美國副總統JD·范斯在二月巴黎AI行動峰會上表示,歐洲應「促進AI技術的誕生,而非扼殺它」,暗指歐盟的AI法案及相關立法。

拜登網絡安全命令的其他修訂

總體而言,特朗普為行政命令14144進行了全面改造,主要改動包括:

– 準備應對能破解現代加密技術的量子計算機。
– 指示國家標準與技術研究院(NIST)提升美國軟件供應鏈的安全。
– 要求聯邦機構管理AI相關漏洞,追蹤事件,並與學術界共享數據集。
– 更新聯邦技術安全政策,規定政府使用的智能設備必須在2027年前取得「美國網絡信任標誌」。

在量子計算防護方面,國土安全部須於12月公佈支持量子抗性加密的常見產品清單,國家安全局則須於2030年1月2日前規定所有聯邦系統必須使用1.3版或以上的傳輸層安全協議(TLS)。

為加強軟件供應鏈安全,商務部需於8月成立一個公私合營聯盟,制定安全軟件開發指南。NIST須更新系統安全補丁管理指導及安全軟件開發框架。特朗普批評此前流程「未經證明且負擔沉重」,過度強調合規清單。

另外,聯邦技術安全政策更新將推動政策制定以「規則即代碼」的方式,使電腦能自動理解並執行政策規範。

評論與分析

特朗普此次大幅修改美國網絡安全和AI相關政策,反映出其對現行體系的根本不信任,尤其是在政治監控和技術創新自由度上。取消對國內黑客的制裁,表面上是為防止政治迫害,但也可能為國內惡意網絡行為留下法律灰色地帶,增加網絡安全風險。

他對AI監管的強烈反對,凸顯出當前全球科技發展與監管之間的矛盾。特朗普視現有AI安全規範為「審查」,強調應以技術管理漏洞為主,這種思路在短期內或可促進創新,但長遠看忽視了監管對防範技術濫用與社會影響的必要性。

此外,他對中國等外部網絡威脅的明確點名,顯示美國將網絡安全視為地緣政治的重要戰場。量子計算和軟件供應鏈安全的強調,也說明美國正積極準備應對新一代網絡威脅。

總體來看,特朗普的政策調整在推動美國科技自主與創新的同時,也帶來潛在的安全與監管挑戰。對香港及全球科技界而言,這反映了未來數字治理和技術競爭的複雜局面,值得持續關注。

以上文章由特價GPT API KEY所翻譯及撰寫。而圖片則由FLUX根據內容自動生成。

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