特朗普新任SEC主席:加密貨幣的未來轉機?




新任SEC主席保羅·阿特金斯將改變加密貨幣規範……但不會立刻實現

特朗普新任命的證券交易委員會(SEC)主席保羅·阿特金斯對加密貨幣行業來說是一個好消息,但預期的變化可能會緩慢推進。

根據報導,當選總統唐納德·特朗普已提名支持加密貨幣的商人和前SEC專員保羅·阿特金斯擔任該監管機構的下一任主席,這也意味著他將替換現任主席加里·根斯勒,此舉令加密貨幣行業感到欣喜。

阿特金斯的背景

阿特金斯曾於2002年7月至2008年8月擔任共和黨的SEC專員,當時是由喬治·W·布什總統任命的。他在任內就已經表達出支持創新和投資的立場,反對繁瑣的監管。他在2007年對企業董事會論壇的演講中表示:“[SEC]不應該透過繁重的規範將這些投資者排除在市場之外,或是透過不合理的指令侵蝕他們的投資成果。”

根據美國律師事務所Anderson PC的資料,阿特金斯在執法行動中強調“比例原則”,反對對公司因個人不當行為而徵收巨額罰款,並專注於複雜和微妙的案件,而不是追求高數量的執法行動。

與SEC的關係

在SEC任職後,阿特金斯於2009年創立了金融行業顧問公司Patomak Global Partners,專注於監管建議、風險合規服務以及執法和訴訟支持。值得注意的是,Patomak在2022年1月簽約成為已經倒閉的交易所FTX的客戶,這大約是在該交易所崩潰的十個月前。

阿特金斯在2023年的一個播客中表示,FTX危機之所以成為“國際醜聞”,是因為美國未能制定足夠清晰的規則來適應數字資產,但他也承認,班克曼-弗里德的欺詐行為是崩潰的主要原因。

自2017年以來,阿特金斯一直擔任數字商會的Token Alliance聯合主席,該組織旨在引入明確的監管規範,並促進加密資產的主流採用。他曾多次公開反對根斯勒領導的SEC對加密行業的“執法規範”方式,並在2019年向國會作證,希望重組SEC,以平衡投資者保護與減少對新興行業的監管負擔。

SEC的變化與未來展望

儘管特朗普已提名阿特金斯為下一任SEC主席,但這並非板上釘釘的事情。國會和參議院可以對總統提名進行投票,並可能會對特朗普的一些爭議性提名提出反對意見。不過,Carbone預計阿特金斯的提名可能會在三月份獲得確認,具體取決於參議院銀行委員會能否快速處理其他部門和機構的提名。

目前SEC的五名專員中有兩名是共和黨人——佩爾斯和烏耶達,另外三名則是民主黨人克倫肖、根斯勒和利薩拉加。然而,根斯勒和利薩拉加最近宣布將於一月離開該機構,而克倫肖則因反對比特幣ETF的批准而受到批評,最近她的重新提名投票被無限期推遲,導致她在機構中的角色面臨不確定性。

在特朗普明年就任後,SEC預計將在新政府下形成三人共和黨的多數。有觀點認為特朗普可能會打破傳統,提名第四位共和黨專員來替代利薩拉加,但目前這仍然是純粹的推測。

阿特金斯的任期對加密貨幣監管的影響

根據數字商會創始人Charlyn Ho的說法,阿特金斯無疑會在加密貨幣的監管方式上帶來“許多變化”,但這不會是一蹴而就的。Ho認為,美國不太可能追隨歐洲,推出類似於《加密資產市場法規》(MiCA)的統一監管體系。相反,她預計阿特金斯領導的SEC將更專注於提供指導並消除監管障礙。

“我敢猜測,特朗普和阿特金斯可能反對創造新的規範,而是希望增加加密行業運作的清晰度。”

儘管如此,目前已經有多項加密法案在考慮中,包括穩定幣立法和FIT 21,後者為加密貨幣提供了監管框架,並已經在眾議院通過。

無論如何,阿特金斯不太可能延續其前任根斯勒的做法,後者因過於強硬的加密貨幣監管而受到批評,並經常超越SEC的國會授權,實行“執法規範”。

Ho指出:“在像Coinbase和Ripple這樣的訴訟中,SEC的共同主題是超越了其權限。”她補充說:“技術上來說,國會應該通過法律,而這些法律授權執行機構如SEC進行解釋,但他們只能在授權的範圍內進行解釋。”

在去年2月23日的Free The People播客中,阿特金斯表示,如果SEC不那麼對抗,則美國的行業增長機會會更多。他提到,若該機構能更具包容性,並與各家公司直接對話,那麼美國的發展會更好,這也解釋了為什麼許多加密公司選擇留在美國之外。

阿特金斯的改革不會立刻到來

儘管阿特金斯顯然支持加密貨幣,但Ho警告說,行業專家若期待規則能迅速改革,可能會過於樂觀。她表示:“根斯勒已經設下了先例,即使新專員上任,之前的法律工作和先例並不會消失。”

Ho指出,考慮到SEC對包括Kraken、Coinbase、Ripple等公司的現有訴訟,阿特金斯和該機構並不能立即放棄所有訴訟並迅速采取支持加密貨幣的立場。“如果阿特金斯想改變SEC的立場,他不能僅僅宣告改變。他們必須經過法律程序並有正當理由才能改變其主張。”

“如果他們是原告,則可以完全撤回訴訟。但如果他們正處於某一程序中,則專員並不擁有完全自由裁量權來徹底改變該程序中的所有內容。他仍然會受到某些事務的約束。”

總結來說,阿特金斯的上任可能會為加密貨幣行業帶來新的機遇,但實際的變革依然需要時間和步驟來逐步推進。這也反映出監管環境的複雜性以及各方利益的博弈,未來的發展仍需持續觀察。

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