特朗普取消所得稅?經濟影響大揭秘!

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特朗普建議取消所得稅改徵關稅?ChatGPT解析其可行性與影響

無人喜歡繳稅,或許因此特朗普總統提出了取消所得稅,改以關稅取代的構想。他認為關稅會讓美國變得更加富有,大家可以向所得稅說再見。關稅本質上也是一種稅,由進口商支付,最終轉嫁給消費者。

但如果真的沒有所得稅,情況會是怎樣?我們問了ChatGPT,它總結了四個主要論點。

憲法可行性

特朗普能否透過行政命令或單方面行動取消所得稅?ChatGPT的回答是「絕對不行」。

「所得稅是根據1913年通過的第16修正案明確授權聯邦政府徵收的,且不需在各州間分攤。」取消所得稅必須由國會立法通過,且兩院均需三分之二多數支持。

因此,取消所得稅在法律上幾乎不可能實現。

預算現實

過去50年來,個人和企業所得稅一直是聯邦政府收入的主要來源。根據2023年數據,個人所得稅收入約2.2兆美元,企業所得稅約4600億美元,兩者合計約佔聯邦收入的60%。

相比之下,關稅收入僅約980億美元,NPR報導2024財年約為800億美元,Politico則指出截至今年7月13日,美國關稅收入約達1005億美元。

ChatGPT指出,要用關稅彌補取消所得稅的缺口,關稅稅率必須提高20倍以上,且所有消費品、科技產品、能源和工業品都要徵收高額關稅,這將引發通脹與大規模貿易戰。

經濟與社會影響

ChatGPT也提及取消所得稅的好處,例如減輕報稅負擔,簡化申報過程。對於一些消費較少的高收入者和節儉退休族,轉向消費稅可能更有利。

但關稅與銷售稅屬於累退稅,對低收入及中產家庭負擔更重,因為他們的消費占收入比例較高。例如,買書、電腦或汽車,對年收入5萬美元的人而言,支出比例遠高於收入500萬美元的人。

此外,因聯邦收入大幅減少,政府必須大幅削減預算,尤其是醫療補助(Medicaid)和聯邦醫療保險(Medicare)等社會福利,甚至軍事和其他公共服務也將受影響。

我們會變得更富有嗎?

ChatGPT的答案是「絕對不會」。主流經濟學家普遍認為,關稅會推高物價、降低效率,並可能損害就業增長。取消所得稅將破壞公共財政穩定,增加貧富差距,富人獲益,窮人受損。

特朗普認為1870年至1913年這段沒有所得稅、關稅盛行的時期是美國黃金時代,他曾在4月15日對福克斯新聞表示,當時美國最富有。但這一說法有爭議,當時被稱為「鍍金時代」,腐敗嚴重且貧富懸殊。

根據Digital History數據,1877年一個城市家庭年均收入約738美元(折合現今約22,594美元),扣除基本生活費後,平均僅剩44美元(約1,347美元)可用於娛樂、應急或退休儲蓄。當時非技術工人每日工作10小時,時薪約20美分(約6.12美元),且近94%的工人死後沒有留下財產給子女。

這樣的「黃金時代」顯然並不光鮮亮麗。

評論與啟示

特朗普提出以關稅取代所得稅的方案,表面上似乎能減輕民眾納稅負擔,但從憲法層面、財政收入結構、經濟影響及社會公平角度來看,均面臨巨大挑戰。所得稅是美國聯邦政府主要財源,取消它意味著政府必須尋找其他穩定且公平的收入來源,而關稅無法填補如此龐大的缺口。

更重要的是,關稅加重低收入群體負擔,擴大貧富差距,對經濟整體效率及就業不利。所謂「黃金時代」的美好回憶,也被歷史學者指出當時社會問題多、貧困普遍,並非人人受惠。

這提醒我們,稅制改革不應只追求表面數字的「富裕」,更要兼顧公平、效率和社會穩定。依賴關稅這種間接稅來取代所得稅,短期看似簡化稅制,但長遠將帶來通脹、貿易衝突及社會不公。

香港及其他地區在考慮稅制改革時,也應從多角度審視,不應盲目模仿或追求極端方案,而是尋找平衡點,確保稅制既能支持公共財政,也能促進經濟健康發展及社會公平。

以上文章由特價GPT API KEY所翻譯及撰寫。而圖片則由FLUX根據內容自動生成。

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