特朗普准許Nvidia向中國出口AI芯片收25%關稅

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特朗普批准英偉達向中國出口H200人工智能晶片 但須繳付25%附加稅

前美國總統特朗普批准英偉達公司(Nvidia)將其最新的H200人工智能晶片出口到中國,條件是須繳付25%的附加稅。此舉讓全球市值最高的科技公司有機會重拾在中國這個全球最大半導體市場中因出口限制而流失的數十億美元生意。

特朗普透過其社交平台Truth Social發文公布此決定,結束了數週與顧問團隊的討論,是否允許H200晶片出口到中國。特朗普表示已通知中國國家主席習近平,對方反應積極。且出口只會限於「獲批准的客戶」,包括英特爾(Intel)和超微(AMD)等晶片製造商亦符合資格。

這是英偉達在努力說服特朗普政府及國會放寬出口管制的勝利。該管制一直阻止英偉達向中國這個全球最大半導體市場出售人工智能晶片。英偉達CEO黃仁勳自2024年11月大選後與特朗普建立密切關係,借助這些關係推動放寬限制,主張現有限制只會助長中國本土企業如華為的發展。

然而,此決定立刻遭到民主黨參議員如伊莉莎白·沃倫(Elizabeth Warren)猛烈批評,警告此舉將是「巨大的經濟和國家安全失敗」,因為這將助長北京發展下一代人工智能技術。H200在技術上至少領先中國設計的華為、寒武紀和兆芯等公司一代,目前中國對晶片的需求亦遠超本地供應能力。儘管如此,北京過去一直嚴格限制英偉達晶片在國有企業及政府機構的採用。

特朗普在其社交平台強調:「我們會保護國家安全,創造美國工作崗位,保持美國在人工智能領域的領先地位。」他同時指出,英偉達在美國銷售的更先進Blackwell和Rubin晶片不在此次協議範圍內。彭博社早前報導,美國政府正考慮批准H200出口。

據知情人士透露,批准H200出口是英偉達先前爭取向中國銷售更先進Blackwell晶片的折衷方案。黃仁勳上週曾在華盛頓私下會見特朗普討論出口管制,雙方未公開會談細節。

根據美國商務部官員說法,英偉達須在晶片從台灣製造基地運往美國接受商務部工業安全局審查時,繳付25%關稅,通過安全審查後晶片才會發往中國客戶。

英偉達對此表示歡迎,稱這將「支持高薪就業和美國製造業」,並認為「向經商務部審核的獲批商業客戶提供H200晶片,是對美國有利的平衡方案」。

英特爾、AMD及美國商務部發言人暫未回應,中國商務部亦未立即回覆查詢。

消息公布後,英偉達和AMD股價均上升約2%,英特爾則微升不足1%。

外交及安全專家指出,放寬H200及同級晶片出口限制,可能會讓中國公司如DeepSeek在人工智能領域獲得優勢。前白宮國家安全委員會官員、外交關係協會高級研究員克里斯·麥圭爾(Chris McGuire)批評:「這對全球人工智能完整生態系統的出口非常不利,實際上是在削弱它。」他質疑在中國在各方面都對美國施壓的情況下,為何美國要做出讓步。

黃仁勳在與特朗普會面後,曾表示不確定若美國放寬對晶片銷售的限制,中國是否會接受英偉達的H200晶片:「我們不知道,完全沒有頭緒。我們不能向中國出售降級版本的晶片,中國不會接受。」

今年8月,英偉達獲准向中國銷售較舊的H20晶片,AMD則獲准銷售MI308處理器,兩者都略低於出口限制門檻。當時特朗普曾強調這些安排,但相關規定從未正式實施,導致支付給美國政府的款項未能落實。

H20及H200均屬於較舊的Hopper世代晶片。英偉達在美國銷售更先進的Blackwell晶片,並準備推出更高速的Rubin晶片系列。

H200相比H20性能大幅提升。喬治城大學安全與新興技術中心指出,H200的總處理性能約為先前允許出口中國晶片性能上限的近10倍。

過去向中國出口H20晶片曾遭北京當局阻撓,官方要求國內客戶避用美國產品,轉用中國本土晶片,令英偉達及AMD難以進入世界最大半導體市場。

今年10月,在與習近平峰會前夕,特朗普曾提出向中國提供降階版Blackwell晶片的可能性,但該構想未出現在他與習近平於南韓會面時的議程中。特朗普內閣成員如美國貿易代表和財政部長後來表示,目前不贊成向中國出售Blackwell晶片。

黃仁勳上月曾表示,中國是英偉達50億美元的市場,但目前未將中國數據中心收入納入財務預測。他說:「我們非常希望能重新進入中國市場。」

英偉達在國會的遊說也取得成果,近期國會將一項限制英偉達向中國及其他對手國家銷售高階人工智能晶片的條款排除在必過的國防法案之外。該條款即「GAIN AI法案」,要求晶片製造商必須優先供應美國客戶,然後才可向中國及其他受武器禁運國家出售。

放寬出口限制標誌著自2022年以來美國為阻止中國及其軍方獲取最先進技術所實施政策的重大轉變。此舉可能引發華盛頓國家安全鷹派的強烈反對,他們一直支持出口管制以防止中國在人工智能競賽中取得優勢。

H200晶片自去年開始出貨,設計可用於AI模型訓練及推理。向中國出售更高階晶片的前景,強化了兩黨議員推動GAIN AI法案的論據。

目前國會正準備另一項兩黨法案SAFE法案,旨在將現有對中國市場高階半導體出口限制立法化。

評論與分析

這次特朗普批准英偉達向中國出口H200晶片的決定,反映了美國在科技與國家安全之間的微妙平衡。從商業角度看,英偉達失去中國市場多年,損失巨大;放寬出口限制可讓美國科技巨頭重拾關鍵市場,刺激美國相關產業鏈的發展,並繳納高額關稅,短期內對美國財政有利。

然而,從國家安全角度來看,這無疑是一把雙刃劍。H200晶片技術領先中國本土晶片一代,出口將加速中國在人工智能領域的追趕甚至超越,可能助長中國軍事和商業AI應用的發展。這種技術外流,尤其是在中美競爭日益激烈的背景下,可能削弱美國的技術領先優勢。

此外,特朗普與黃仁勳的密切關係及其對中國政策的影響,也揭示了政治人物與商業巨頭之間錯綜複雜的利益糾葛。這種「以商促政」的模式雖有其合理性,但在涉及國家安全的敏感領域,須謹慎權衡各方風險。

對於香港讀者而言,這反映了全球科技競爭的現實和複雜性。作為國際金融和科技樞紐,香港需要密切關注中美科技政策變化,並為本地科技企業尋找合適定位,避免成為大國博弈的犧牲品。未來,香港在半導體及AI領域的發展,必須兼顧技術創新與合規風險,才能在全球產業鏈中穩固地位。

總結來說,這次放寬出口限制是美國內部利益博弈的產物,短期內對英偉達等企業利好,但長遠來看,對美中科技競爭格局將產生深遠影響,值得全球關注和深思。

以上文章由特價GPT API KEY所翻譯及撰寫。而圖片則由FLUX根據內容自動生成。

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[Subject]: Young Asian female with "Imada Mio-inspired" doll-like aesthetic (精緻洋娃娃臉). She has large round expressive eyes, a small V-line face, and rosy cheeks. Her expression is innocent, energetic, and slightly flirty. [Hair]: Messy morning hair (剛睡醒的凌亂感), long dark brown hair, slightly tousled, natural volume. [Outfit]: Wearing an oversized translucent white button-down shirt (男友風白襯衫), unbuttoned at the top to reveal collarbones, creating a "bottomless" look (下衣失蹤風格). [Style]: Japanese Gravure Photobook style (寫真集風格), Pure & Sexy vibe, bright high-key lighting, soft skin texture, Fujifilm PRO 400H color tone. Create a sticker set maintaining 100% of the woman's original facial features from the provided image. Do not alter the face, focusing on ultra-realistic details of the facial structure, eyes, eyebrows, nose, mouth, and expression. The final face must be realistic, not cartoon-like. She has long, voluminous hair.
1. Makeup:Maintain Original Face: We will preserve the structure of your face, eyes, eyebrows, nose, mouth, and expression as closely as possible to the original image to maintain naturalness and uniqueness, while adjusting the tone to be softer:

Eyes: Slightly reduce the sharpness of the Cat Eye eyeliner to a thin line close to the lash line for a softer look, while still maintaining eye definition.
Eyeshadow: Use natural tones like light brown, peach, or beige.
Eyebrows: Original shape, but brushed up to look softer and more natural.
Lips: Glossy, pink-tinted, nude-pink, or coral-toned lipstick/tint to make the lips look full and moisturized. Focus on a bright but not overly intense look.
2. Hairstyle:Natural Voluminous Long Hair: Her hair is long and flowing, but the styling will emphasize natural volume and movement. Soft, natural waves.
3. Outfit:

Attire: A white open-back bodysuit paired with distressed, faded blue denim shorts. There is a message "Kunika" on the shirt.
Shoes: Elegant, simple open-toe flat sandals.
Accessories: Styled freely and fittingly for each scene.
4. Poses & Sticker Elements:Poses: Various poses such as waving, jumping, walking playfully, reading a book, holding up a sign, cheering with both hands, stretching, or making a celebratory gesture, to create a cheerful and friendly atmosphere.Decoration: Include elements like small rainbows, sparkling stars, clear bubbles, hearts, balloons, or light-colored dots to decorate and enhance the fun of each sticker scene.Style: Thin black border around the sticker. Use a modern, rounded 'Itim' style font for the text.Text: Add short emotional phrases written in a cute, beautiful script near the sticker (no speech bubbles/text boxes):

"Hello"
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"Submitting work"
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"Fight"
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"Sweet dreams:
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"555"
"You're welcome"
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"OMG" 
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"Got a headache" 
Guidelines: Do not include a text box. Ensure balanced composition with sufficient white space—not cluttered. Match the pose to the text.
Emphasis: Reiterate 'maintain 100% of the original face features from the provided image,' 'ultra-realistic facial detail,' and 'professional studio lighting on face (realistic face, not cartoon face).

Use Cantonese in the stickers. Ultra-realistic cinematic photograph, 9:16 vertical.
Use my uploaded female subject as the ONLY face reference — her face, bone structure, proportions, and identity must remain 100% accurate. She is sitting low and relaxed on a worn vintage couch inside a messy 90s-era bedroom, dripping with grunge attitude and self-confidence. The entire room tells a story of obsession — the walls are completely covered in posters, photos, magazine clippings, and polaroids of HER, all different versions of her: glam looks, grungy looks, party looks, soft looks, edgy looks, all chaotic and layered, taped and pinned unevenly like a shrine to herself. Wardrobe: She wears an oversized, slouchy dark hoodie left open, revealing a white tube top underneath. The outfit is provocative but raw — lots of exposed skin at the waist, collarbones, shoulders, and legs. The vibe is unapologetically sexy, rebellious, and confident. Bare legs or very short bottoms, worn sneakers or socks, very lived-in 90s styling.
Hair & makeup: Hair is messy, slightly undone, effortlessly sexy. Makeup is grungy-glam — smoky eyes, dark liner, slightly smudged, natural but seductive skin texture. No over-polish.
Pose & expression:
She sits back into the couch with dominant, careless confidence — legs apart or casually stretched, shoulders relaxed. Her expression is sultry, knowing, and powerful, like she’s fully aware the entire room revolves around her. She looks down toward the camera, owning the frame.
Camera & composition:
The camera is placed very low on the floor, angled sharply upward toward her, creating dramatic depth perception. Her legs and body feel larger in the foreground, her face looming above, while the poster-covered walls stretch upward behind her, creating a warped, immersive perspective. Slight wide-angle distortion for intensity. Lighting: Moody, low-light bedroom lighting — a mix of cool blue tones and dirty warm highlights. Neon or lamp glow spills across the posters. Shadows fall unevenly across the room, adding grit and texture. Film grain, subtle motion blur energy, raw 90s music-video atmosphere. Overall vibe: Sexy, grungy, chaotic, self-obsessed