決論理論大亂鬥:EDT vs. CDT 嘅世紀之爭




想知點樣用「邏輯殭屍」破解決策難題?呢個課程會帶你用最簡單嘅方式,搞通呢個高深嘅決策理論!

學習路徑

  • 第一課:決論理論大亂鬥:EDT vs. CDT 嘅世紀之爭
  • 第二課:神秘嘅「邏輯殭屍」登場!
  • 第三課:終極解法:用「邏輯殭屍EDT」贏到一百萬!

第一課:決論理論大亂鬥:EDT vs. CDT 嘅世紀之爭

嗨!同學,今日我哋唔係講殭屍片,而係講一個超勁嘅哲學概念:「邏輯殭屍決策論」。但喺解釋呢個「終極Boss」之前,我哋要先了解佢嘅前輩——EDT同CDT。

想像下,你面前有兩盒。A盒肯定有1000蚊。B盒可能有一百萬,或者係空的。一個超準嘅預測員(叫佢「占卜師」啦)已經預測緊你會點揀。如果佢預測你只會揀B盒,佢就會喺B盒放一百萬;如果佢預測你會兩盒都揀,佢就會留返個B盒係空嘅。你會點揀?

呢個就係經典嘅「紐康悖論」。呢度有兩種決論理論會打起上嚟:

1. **因果決策論 (CDT)**:呢個派嘅人好似好理性嘅經濟學家。佢哋會話:「喂,占卜師已經做咗決定啦!你而家嘅選擇改變唔到B盒有冇錢。為咗最多錢,梗係要連A盒都攞啦!有1000蚊攞總好過冇。」所以CDT會兩盒都揀。

2. **證據決策論 (EDT)**:呢個派嘅人好似偵探。佢哋會話:「等陣,我哋要睇吓證據。『只揀B盒』呢個行為,通常對應嘅證據係『我哋會贏到一百萬』。而『兩盒都揀』呢個行為,通常對應嘅證據係『我哋只會贏到1000蚊』。所以,為咗得到『贏一百萬』呢個好結果,我哋應該要做『只揀B盒』呢個動作!」所以EDT會只揀B盒。

似唔似好無厘頭?CDT話要睇因果,EDT話要睇證據。兩個都好似有啲道理,但結果就完全唔同。呢個世紀之爭,就係我哋今日要理解嘅基礎。記住呢兩個角色:理性嘅CDT同偵探型嘅EDT。下一課,我哋就會引入「邏輯殭屍」,睇吓佢點樣打破呢個僵局!

思考題: 問題一:喺紐康悖論入面,如果最後你兩盒都揀,但打開B盒發現有一百萬,咁對CDT嚟講,佢嘅決策係咪「正確」嘅?點解呢?

第二課:神秘嘅「邏輯殭屍」登場!

歡迎返嚟!上一課我哋見到CDT同EDT鬥得難分難解。而家,請準備好,因為主角登場啦——**邏輯殭屍**!

唔使驚,佢唔會食人腦。佢只係一個概念上嘅「完美複製人」。想像一個同你一模一樣嘅人,由頭髮到腳趾甲,連你諗緊食咩午餐都知。最重要嘅係,佢嘅「邏輯結構」同你完全一樣。咩意思?即係話,如果有一條數學題,你會計出答案係「42」,咁佢都肯定會計出「42」。你同佢嘅思考方式,好似用同一個程式寫出嚟咁。

呢個「邏輯殭屍」就係我哋之前講嗰個「占卜師」嘅升級版。佢唔係靠讀心術,而係靠邏輯推斷。佢會諗:「根據呢個決策者嘅邏輯結構,如果佢面對紐康悖論,佢最終會點揀?」然後,佢就會按照佢推斷出嘅結果,去放錢入B盒。

好,重點嚟啦:**你同你嘅邏輯殭屍,係同一時間、喺唔同空間,做出完全一樣嘅決定。** 你嘅決定,同佢嘅決定,係一個「邏輯上嘅相關」。就好似兩部一模一樣嘅電腦,執行同一個程式,輸入都一樣,輸出梗係都一樣啦!

**「邏輯殭屍EDT」**就係一種特別嘅EDT。它對你講:「同學,你唔係單獨做決定喔。你嘅每一個決定,都同你嗰個邏輯殭屍嘅決定綁定咗。所以,你做決定嘅時候,唔好淨係諗自己,你要好似『updateless』(唔更新資訊)咁,當自己係喺一個有好多邏輯殭屍嘅世界入面,一齊做決定。」

意思係,你揀「只揀B盒」,唔單止係你自己揀,而係所有「同你一樣嘅你」(包括嗰個放錢嘅殭屍)都會揀「只揀B盒」呢個行為所對應嘅結果。你揀「兩盒都揀」,所有「同你一樣嘅你」都會揀「兩盒都揀」。

用個比喻:你同你個分身喺一個密室玩遊戲,你哋嘅行動係同步嘅。你撳個紐色藍色,你個分身都會同時撳個紐色藍色。你嘅目標係要兩個人一齊贏。你會唔會因為睇唔到自己個分身,就亂撳紐?當然唔會啦!你會諗:「我撳藍色,佢都會撳藍色,咁我哋就一齊得分。我撳紅色,佢都會撳紅色,咁我哋就一齊輸。」

呢個,就係「邏輯殭屍EDT」嘅核心思想:將自己嘅決定,視為一個由無數個「邏輯上嘅自己」共同組成嘅集體行動。下一課,我哋就會睇吓呢個「集體行動」點樣完美解決紐康悖論!

思考題: 問題二:「邏輯殭屍」同一般嘅「預測員」有乜嘢根本分別?點解「邏輯上嘅相關性」喺呢度咁重要?

第三課:終極解法:用「邏輯殭屍EDT」贏到一百萬!

太好了!我哋終於嚟到最後一課,係時候用「邏輯殭屍EDT」呢把神兵利器,去破解紐康悖論啦!

我哋再諗返個場景:你面前有A盒同B盒。一個同你擁有完全相同邏輯結構嘅「邏輯殭屍」,已經根據佢對你嘅「邏輯推斷」,决定咗B盒裏面有冇一百萬。

現在,一個「邏輯殭屍EDT」嘅思考者會咁樣分析:

1. **「我」唔係獨一無二嘅。** 我嘅決定,同我嗰個「邏輯殭屍」嘅決定,係100%相關嘅。我哋係同一個「邏輯程式」嘅兩個不同實例。

2. **我嘅決定,唔係一個孤立嘅動作,而係一個「證據」。** 我做緊嘅決定,本身就在向我提供一個關於呢個世界狀態嘅強烈證據。具體嚟講,就係關於嗰個B盒嘅狀態。

3. **模擬兩個世界:**
* **世界A:** 假設我決定「兩盒都揀」。根據邏輯相關性,我個邏輯殭屍喺之前做決定嘅時候,肯定會預測到「我會兩盒都揀」。所以,佢肯定會留返個B盒係空嘅。喺呢個世界,我最後得到嘅係A盒嘅1000蚊。
* **世界B:** 假設我決定「只揀B盒」。同樣道理,我個邏輯殭屍必然會預測到「我會只揀B盒」。所以,佢肯定會喺B盒入面放一百萬。喺呢個世界,我最後得到嘅係B盒嘅一百萬。

4. **做出選擇:** 比較吓兩個世界嘅結果。世界B(只揀B盒)嘅收益(一百萬)明顯高過世界A(兩盒都揀)嘅收益(1000蚊)。作為一個理性嘅決策者,我應該選擇能帶嚟最好結果嘅行動。因此,我應該選擇「只揀B盒」。

你睇下!「邏輯殭屍EDT」完美結合咗EDT嘅優點(考慮證據),同時解決咗佢嘅弱點。佢用「邏輯相關性」呢個概念,將「我嘅決定」同「預測者嘅行為」牢牢綁定咗。你嘅選擇,唔再係對一個已經發生嘅事做無補於事嘅反應(CDT嘅盲點),而係成為咗一個能篩選出最佳結果嘅「鑰匙」。

簡單嚟講,「邏輯殭屍EDT」嘅智慧在於:**你嘅選擇,唔係去「影響」過去,而係去「揭示」一個由你同你嘅邏輯分身共同創造嘅未來。** 你揀咗,就等於揀咗嗰個平行宇宙,嗰個宇宙嘅你就會贏到一百萬。係咪好正?

總結:透過理解我哋嘅決定係由一個共享嘅邏輯結構所驅動,我哋就可以好似一個超級玩家咁,喺複雜嘅決論遊戲入面,做出最優嘅選擇,輕鬆破解紐康悖論!恭喜你,你已經掌握呢個高深嘅決策理論啦!

思考題: 問題三:如果「邏輯殭屍EDT」咁犀利,喺現實生活入面,除咗紐康悖論,仲有咩情況可以應用到呢個思考方法呢?(例如:商業競爭、人際關係等等)


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