歷史嘅「黑洞」——點解我哋唔知項羽老豆係邊個?




如果《史記》冇寫,我哋仲有冇其他方法可以搵到項羽父親嘅線索呢?

項羽嘅父親係邊個?個答案可能會令你大開眼界!

學習路徑

  • 第一課:歷史嘅「黑洞」——點解我哋唔知項羽老豆係邊個?
  • 第二課:最重要嘅男人——阿叔項梁嘅角色
  • 第三課:歷史嘅啟示——人物重於家譜

第一課:歷史嘅「黑洞」——點解我哋唔知項羽老豆係邊個?

喂!學生仔,今日我哋要解開一個歷史之謎:西楚霸王項羽嘅阿爸究竟係邊個?你會問,咁出名嘅人物,點會連老豆係邊個都唔清楚呢?就好似你睇緊一部超級英雄電影,你知道主角係蜘蛛俠,但導演就係唔話你知佢阿爸做緊咩,奇怪唔奇怪呀?

原因係呢,司馬遷寫《史記》嗰陣,對項羽嘅記載主要係集中喺佢自己嘅英雄事蹟,例如破釜沉舟、鴻門宴呢啲戲劇性十足嘅情節。但對於佢嘅家庭背景,特別係佢老豆,就幾乎冇提及。《史記·項羽本紀》開頭就寫『項籍者,下相人也,字羽。』跟住就講佢阿叔項梁點樣教佢讀書、劍術、兵法,但就係冇一字半句提到佢老豆。

想像一下,你嘅個人檔案(CV)裡面,你會寫低你自己嘅成就同技能,但可能唔會特別註明『我老豆係做工程師』。古人寫史嘅風格有啲似咁,佢哋覺得人物本身嘅功過先係最重要。所以,項羽老豆嘅名字,就咁樣喺歷史嘅長河裡面『被遺忘』咗。呢個唔係有人刻意隱瞞,而係歷史記載嘅一個『盲點』,一個充滿神秘感嘅黑洞。

思考題: 如果《史記》冇寫,我哋仲有冇其他方法可以搵到項羽父親嘅線索呢?

第二課:最重要嘅男人——阿叔項梁嘅角色

好,既然我哋搵唔到項羽嘅親生老豆,咁點解唔睇下佢生命中另一個最重要嘅男人——佢阿叔項梁呢?喺項羽嘅人生劇本裡面,項梁唔單止係配角,根本就係佢嘅『導演』兼『動作指導』!

你將項梁想像成一個傳統武館裡面嘅師父。佢個徒弟(項羽)天賦異禀,力大無窮,但係性子急躁,唔定性。個師父就一手一脚咁教佢功夫,希望將佢打造成天下第一。史書記載,項梁教項羽讀書,項羽唔學;教佢劍術,項羽又話『劍,一人敵,不足學』,要學就學『萬人敵』嘅兵法!

你睇,呢啲對話係咪好生動?就好似你阿爸叫你溫書,你話讀書冇用,要學就學點樣創業做老闆一樣。項梁聽到之後,非但冇罵佢,反而好開心,覺得呢個侄仔有志氣,即刻教佢兵法。所以,喺項羽嘅成長過程中,項梁扮演嘅就係父親、導師、仲有革命戰友嘅角色。佢哋嘅關係,遠比一般嘅父子關係更加緊密。佢哋一齊起義反抗秦朝,項梁戰死之後,項羽悲痛欲絕,扛起成個反秦大旗。可以話,冇咗項梁,就冇後嚟嘅西楚霸王。所以,雖然我哋唔知佢老豆係邊個,但項梁嘅影響力,已經完全取代咗一個傳統父親應有嘅位置。

思考題: 項梁對項羽嘅教育方式,你覺得係咪成功?點解?

第三課:歷史嘅啟示——人物重於家譜

上完兩堂課,你會唔會覺得有啲失望?好似追緊一套劇,發現主角嘅身世之謎原來係個『爛尾』。但其實,呢個恰恰係歷史最有趣嘅地方!

我哋再用個比喻。你而家用緊一部iPhone,你可能會佩服喬布斯嘅天才,但你會唔會特別去查,喬布斯嘅阿爺係做啲咩嘢?大概率唔會啦。因為喬布斯本人嘅成就同佢創造嘅產品,已經係最重要嘅資訊。佢嘅祖先係邊個,對我哋理解iPhone嘅偉大,影響其實唔大。

項羽嘅情況就有啲似咁。歷史之所以記住佢,係因為佢『力能扛鼎,才氣過人』,係因為佢喺巨鹿之戰中以少勝多,威震天下,亦都因為佢同劉邦之間嘅楚漢爭霸。佢嘅英雄氣概、佢嘅悲劇結局,先係構成佢呢個歷史人物嘅核心。佢嘅父親係邊個,呢個『家譜式』嘅問題,相比之下就變得次要。

所以,『項羽嘅父親是誰』呢個問題,最終嘅答案可能係:『一個被歷史遺忘嘅人』。但更重要嘅答案係:『一位將項羽託俾阿叔項梁,從而造就一代霸王嘅偉大父親(即使我哋唔知佢名姓)』。我哋學習歷史,唔係為咗背誦家譜,而係為咗理解人物嘅精神同時代嘅變遷。項羽嘅故事教曉我哋,一個人嘅價值,最終係由佢自己嘅行為去定義,而唔係由佢嘅出身。呢個,就係費曼教學法嘅精髓——用最簡單嘅方式,睇透問題嘅本質!

思考題: 除咗項羽,歷史上仲有冇其他著名人物,我哋一樣唔清楚佢哋父母係邊個嘅例子呢?


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