歐盟重罰蘋果Meta!數位市場法案再發威




歐盟反壟斷監管機構重罰蘋果及Meta,推動數碼市場法規落實

由Supantha Mukherjee報道

斯德哥爾摩 — 歐盟反壟斷監管機構於星期三對蘋果公司(Apple)罰款5億歐元(約5.7億美元),對Meta罰款2億歐元,要求兩間科技巨頭遵守《數碼市場法》(Digital Markets Act,DMA)。該法旨在打破大型企業壟斷,為較細規模競爭者開拓市場空間。

此次罰款源自歐盟委員會長達一年的調查。

蘋果為何被罰?

DMA規定蘋果必須允許應用程式開發者引導用戶到應用程式外的渠道購買產品,並自由尋找其他分銷渠道,避免蘋果通常對開發者徵收的平台費用。

委員會發現,蘋果施加的限制令開發者無法享受App Store以外其他分銷渠道的優勢。同時,消費者亦因蘋果禁止開發者直接告知他們這些更便宜的替代方案,而大多對此一無所知。

歐盟委員會指出,蘋果未能證明這些限制在客觀上是必要及合理的。監管機構批評蘋果提出的新收費條件,認為這令開發者不願使用例如Epic Games提供的替代分銷渠道。

蘋果表示將會挑戰歐盟的罰款決定。

未來會有什麼改變?

蘋果必須取消阻止開發者引導用戶前往App Store外更便宜購買渠道的技術和商業限制。蘋果有60天時間遵守歐盟委員會的決定,否則將面臨持續罰款。

這將可能令消費者可直接從蘋果以外的渠道下載應用程式,享有更低價錢。開發者亦可免除向蘋果支付在外部商店托管應用程式的費用。

Epic Games行政總裁Tim Sweeney表示:「今日的決定惠及所有開發者,無論是歐洲還是美國的。」

Meta為何被罰?

Meta於2023年11月推出「同意或付費」模式,讓Facebook和Instagram用戶若同意被追蹤,則可免費使用由廣告收入支持的服務。若不想看廣告,用戶需支付每月5.99歐元(網頁版)或7.99歐元(應用程式版)。

歐盟委員會認為,該模式未符合DMA規定,用戶在個人數據使用上缺乏足夠選擇。

罰款涉及2024年3月至11月期間,這段時間DMA法規成為法律約束力,Meta才推出新的廣告模式。

Meta在電郵聲明中表示:「委員會強迫我們改變商業模式,實際上對Meta徵收數十億美元的關稅,同時要求我們提供較劣質的服務。」

接下來會怎樣?

經過多次與委員會溝通後,Meta於去年11月推出新版本的免費個性化廣告模式,提供一個使用較少個人數據來展示廣告的選項。

歐盟委員會目前正評估這個新選項,並持續與Meta對話,要求該公司提供新「少廣告」模式實際影響的證據。

奧地利隱私活動家Max Schrems指出,這個「少廣告」選項原本應令系統合法化,但存在嚴重的使用問題。他多次因Meta涉嫌違反歐盟隱私法而起訴該公司。

他批評用戶被迫接受「廣告中斷」,即必須等待一段時間才能繼續瀏覽動態,且Meta鼓勵用戶選擇完全個性化的廣告選項。

評論與分析:

歐盟此次對蘋果與Meta的巨額罰款,標誌著歐洲在監管大型科技公司壟斷行為上更為強硬且具體的執行行動。DMA不僅是一紙政策,而是已經開始實質改變市場生態,推動更公平的競爭環境。

蘋果被罰,核心在於打破App Store的封閉生態,讓開發者和消費者有更多選擇,這不僅是商業模式的挑戰,更是對蘋果多年「封閉式控制」的直接衝擊。若蘋果最終放寬限制,將促使應用程式市場價格更透明與合理,消費者得益明顯。

Meta的罰款則凸顯了個人數據使用權與隱私保護的矛盾。所謂「同意或付費」模式,在法律與倫理層面引起爭議,反映出科技巨頭在用戶數據商業化和用戶權益保障間的拉鋸。歐盟的監管力度,為全球數據保護樹立了更嚴格標準,促使企業在設計商業模式時必須更加尊重用戶自主權。

然而,這場監管戰也帶來新的問題,例如Meta的「少廣告」模式雖試圖合法化,但用戶體驗不佳,可能削弱服務吸引力,這反映出監管與商業利益間的複雜平衡。

總括而言,歐盟在推動數碼市場公平競爭和用戶權益保護方面,已經從立法轉向積極執法,這將逐步改變全球科技產業格局,香港及其他地區的監管機構亦應密切關注相關動向,思考如何在本地推動類似監管措施,保障本地用戶及中小企業的權益。

以上文章由特價GPT API KEY所翻譯及撰寫。

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