歐盟罰X 1.4億TikTok獲和解免罰款




歐盟罰X 1.4億美元違反內容規定 但TikTok則選擇和解

布魯塞爾,2025年12月5日 — 埃隆·馬斯克旗下社交媒體公司X(前身為Twitter)因違反線上內容規定,被歐洲聯盟科技監管機構罰款1.2億歐元(約1.4億美元),這是根據歐盟新頒布的數碼服務法案(DSA)實施以來的首宗罰款案件。不過,X的競爭對手TikTok則通過讓步避免了罰款。

事件發生後,X方面未有回應媒體查詢,但馬斯克本人在歐盟委員會發布罰款消息的社交媒體貼文下留言「胡說八道」,並轉發多條批評決定的訊息,強調「言論自由是民主的基石,唯有言論自由,選民才知道自己投票給誰」。

TikTok則承諾改善其廣告資料庫透明度,並呼籲監管機構在各平台間平等、一致地執法。

歐盟此舉旨在打擊大型科技企業以保障市場競爭和消費者選擇,惹來美國政府批評,指控歐盟針對美國企業並審查美國用戶。歐洲委員會強調,其法律無針對任何國籍,純粹是維護數碼和民主標準,而這些標準通常成為全球參考。

歐盟科技主管:罰款非審查言論

歐盟對X的調查歷時兩年,依據DSA要求平台更積極打擊非法及有害內容。對TikTok的調查則於今年5月指控其未依規定公開廣告資料庫,令研究人員及用戶無法查核詐騙廣告。

歐盟科技主管Henna Virkkunen表示,X的罰款金額適中,根據違規性質、影響範圍及持續時間計算。她強調,DSA目的是確保規則被執行,而非「最高罰款」,只要遵守規定就不會被罰,「這跟審查言論毫無關係」。

她並透露,未來針對其他違反DSA的企業決定將比X案更快作出。

美方政要批評歐盟針對美企

美國國務卿馬可·魯比奧及聯邦通訊委員會主席布倫丹·卡爾均譴責歐盟的罰款。魯比奧在X(前Twitter)上表示,這不只是對X的打擊,更是對所有美國科技平台及美國民眾的攻擊,強調「網上審查美國人的日子已經結束」。卡爾則認為,歐洲罰款一成功的美國科技公司,原因只是因為它是美國的成功企業。

除X外,Meta和TikTok亦於10月被指違反DSA的透明度義務,而中國電商平台Temu則被控違反禁止銷售非法商品的規定。

X須在60至90個工作天內提出合規措施,時間長短視違規事項而定。

美國副總統JD Vance於歐盟決定前在X上表示,有傳言稱歐盟將因X未進行審查而罰款數億歐元,他認為歐盟應支持言論自由,而非攻擊美國企業。

歐盟指出,X的違規包括誤導性設計的藍色認證標誌、缺乏廣告庫透明度及未能向研究人員提供公開數據存取權。歐盟委員會正持續調查X在打擊非法內容及信息操控的措施,以及TikTok在設計、演算法系統及兒童保護方面的合規情況。

根據DSA,罰款最高可達企業全球年收入的6%。

(匯率:1美元兌0.8579歐元)

評論與啟發

這次歐盟對X罰款的事件,再度凸顯了全球監管機構與大型科技平台之間的緊張關係。歐盟的DSA立法初衷是要確保數碼平台對內容負起更多責任,防止非法及有害資訊泛濫,並促進公平競爭。從監管角度看,這是歐盟嘗試用法律框架來規範科技巨頭,避免其濫用市場支配地位或忽視社會責任。

然而,馬斯克及美國政界的反彈,揭示了言論自由與監管之間的微妙平衡。馬斯克強調言論自由是民主基石,反對歐盟的罰款行動,認為這是對自由言論的威脅。美國政界亦擔心歐盟的政策可能成為對美國企業的政治性打壓,這反映出科技監管既是法律問題,也是國際政治的博弈。

TikTok選擇和解,反映出亞洲科技公司在面對西方嚴格監管時,傾向採取較為妥協的策略,避免重罰影響商業運作。這種策略或能為其他企業提供參考。

從香港及亞洲視角看,這場歐盟與美國科技巨頭的監管之爭,提醒我們本地監管當局在面對跨國數碼平台時,也需謹慎平衡創新自由與社會責任。特別是言論自由在不同文化和法律體系下的詮釋差異,將對本地政策制定帶來挑戰。

總括而言,DSA的實施標誌著全球科技監管新時代的開始,歐盟用實際行動表明其決心。未來,如何在保障言論自由與維護網絡安全、消費者權益間取得平衡,將成為全球科技政策的重要課題。這不僅是科技公司的挑戰,也是監管機構的試金石。

以上文章由特價GPT API KEY所翻譯及撰寫。

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