歐盟新指引:AI開發商如何遵守私隱法

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歐盟提供指引以協助AI開發者遵守隱私法律

近日,歐洲數據保護委員會(EDPB)發布了一份意見,針對AI模型的數據保護問題提供指導,特別是如何在開發過程中遵守隱私法律。這份指引回應了愛爾蘭數據保護委員會的請求,該機構是許多跨國公司的主要監管機構。

指引的關鍵要點是什麼?
該指引主要探討以下幾個方面:

1. AI模型何時可以被視為「匿名」——這些模型不太可能識別出用於其創建的個人數據,因此可以豁免於隱私法律的約束。
2. AI公司在何種情況下可以在不獲得個人同意的情況下處理個人數據。
3. 在AI模型開發階段非法處理個人數據的後果。

EDPB主席Anu Talus在新聞稿中表示:「AI技術可能為不同的行業和生活領域帶來許多機會和利益。我們需要確保這些創新是以道德、安全的方式進行,並使每個人都能受益。」

何時AI模型可以被視為「匿名」
AI模型可以被視為匿名,當用於訓練的個人數據被追溯到任何個體的可能性被認為是「微不足道」時。監管機構將根據具體情況進行「逐案評估」,並要求對識別的可能性進行徹底評估。

指引中提供了一些模型開發者可能展示匿名性的方法,包括:
– 在來源選擇過程中避免或限制收集個人數據,例如排除不相關或不適當的來源。
– 實施強有力的技術措施以防止重新識別。
– 確保數據得到充分匿名化。
– 應用數據最小化技術以避免不必要的個人數據。
– 定期通過測試和審計評估重新識別的風險。

法律專家Kathryn Wynn指出,這些要求將使AI公司難以聲稱其數據是匿名的。

何時AI公司可以在不獲得個人同意的情況下處理個人數據
根據EDPB的意見,AI公司在「合法利益」的基礎上可以在不獲得同意的情況下處理個人數據,只要它們能夠證明其利益(例如改進模型或服務)超過個人的權利和自由。

這對於科技公司尤其重要,因為為大量數據尋求同意既不簡單也不經濟可行。然而,為了符合要求,公司需要通過以下三個測試:
1. 合法性測試:必須確定處理個人數據的合法、正當理由。
2. 必要性測試:數據處理必須對於目的來說是必要的,且沒有其他替代的、侵入性較小的方法來實現公司的目標,處理的數據量必須是相稱的。
3. 平衡測試:數據處理的合法利益必須超過對個人權利和自由的影響。

即使公司未能通過平衡測試,如果它們採取減輕措施以限制處理的影響,仍然可能不需要獲得數據主體的同意。

在AI開發中非法處理個人數據的後果
如果模型的開發涉及以違反GDPR的方式處理數據,則會影響該模型的運作方式。相關機構將根據具體情況評估「每個個案的情況」,並提供一些可能的考慮因素。

例如:
– 如果同一公司保留並處理個人數據,則必須根據具體情況評估開發和部署階段的合法性。
– 如果另一家公司在部署期間處理個人數據,EDPB將考慮該公司是否在此之前對模型的合法性進行了適當的評估。

為何AI公司應關注這些指引
EDPB的指引對於科技公司至關重要。儘管指引本身不具法律效力,但它影響著歐盟隱私法律的執行。公司如果違反GDPR,可能面臨高達2000萬歐元或其年營業額的4%(以較大者為準)的罰款,甚至可能被要求改變其AI模型的運作方式或完全刪除模型。

隨著AI技術的發展,企業在遵守GDPR方面面臨越來越大的挑戰,這些挑戰已經導致了無數的法律糾紛和罰款。這顯示了在AI發展中,企業必須更加謹慎,以確保遵守法律並保護用戶的隱私。

這些指引的發布可以被視為一個警示,提醒企業在追求技術創新時,必須重視法律合規性和道德責任。未來,如何平衡數據使用的需求和個人隱私的保護將成為AI發展的重要課題。

以上文章由特價GPT API KEY所翻譯及撰寫。而圖片則由FLUX根據內容自動生成。

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