歐盟對中國電動車加稅:影響幾何?




歐盟結束對中國電動車的調查後會發生什麼?

布魯塞爾(路透社)——歐洲聯盟週二正式批准對中國製造的電動車(EV)徵收關稅,這項調查已經在歐盟內部分歧並引起北京的報復。

歐盟委員會設定的關稅率從7.8%開始,針對特斯拉(Tesla)等公司,至35.3%針對中國的上汽集團及其他被認為未合作的生產商。這些關稅將在歐盟標準的10%汽車進口稅的基礎上額外徵收。

何時開始及持續多久?

歐盟計劃在週二晚些時候或週三早些時候公佈其徵收關稅的規定。最終或「確定性」的關稅預計將從次日起生效,為期五年。委員會已決定不會收取自七月以來的臨時稅款。企業可以用銀行擔保來覆蓋這些稅款。

關稅的徵收是基於歐盟27個成員國於10月4日對委員會提議的最終關稅進行投票的結果——其中10票贊成,5票反對,12票棄權。

繼續與北京談判

委員會表示,即使在徵收關稅後,仍願意繼續與中國談判尋找替代方案。雙方已經同意進行第九輪技術談判,儘管歐盟稱仍存在「巨大差距」。

歐盟執行機構上個月表示,可能會重新考慮價格承諾——涉及最低進口價格和通常的數量限制,之前曾拒絕中國公司提出的那些。之前歐盟同意的最低價格協議主要針對同質商品,而非像汽車這樣的複雜產品。委員會認為單一的最低價格不足以抵消補貼造成的損害。

北京一再警告委員會不要與電動車公司單獨進行談判。多個製造商已授權中國機械和電子產品進出口商會代表他們進行談判。

委員會表示,任何替代方案都必須符合世界貿易組織(WTO)規則,足以消除補貼造成的損害,並且可執行。

中國的反擊

在被視為報復的行動中,中國已經對歐盟出口的豬肉和白蘭地進行反傾銷調查,並對歐盟乳製品展開反補貼調查,但尚未採取任何措施。

歐盟於九月對乳製品調查向WTO提出挑戰。

中國商務部還與汽車製造商和行業協會會面,討論提高大排量汽油車的進口關稅,這將對德國生產商造成最大影響。

去年,德國向中國出口排量2.5升或以上的汽車價值12億美元,根據中國海關的數據顯示。

調查結束後會怎樣?

任何不在比亞迪(BYD)、吉利和上汽樣本組中的公司如果希望獲得自己的個別關稅,可以在最終措施實施後申請「加速審查」。這類審查應在最多九個月內完成。

如果措施不再必要或不足以抵消補貼,委員會也可以在一年後進行「中期審查」。

委員會經常調查生產商是否通過出口零部件到其他地方組裝來逃避關稅。對於歐盟來說,如果價值的60%或以上的零部件是從受關稅國家進口的,並且在組裝中的增值不超過25%,則構成規避行為。

公司可以在歐洲法院對措施提出異議。中國已經向WTO提出挑戰。這兩條法律路徑都可能花費超過一年時間。

委員會表示有信心其調查和措施符合WTO規則。

編者評論

這次歐盟對中國電動車的關稅措施,無疑是全球貿易保護主義抬頭的又一例證。當前,全球經濟環境充滿不確定性,各國紛紛尋求保護本土產業。然而,這種作法可能引發更大的貿易摩擦,對全球供應鏈造成潛在的長期影響。尤其是電動車作為未來汽車行業的發展方向,任何對其貿易的限制都可能影響到相關技術的跨國交流和進步。歐盟與中國之間的這場博弈,或許是對未來全球貿易格局的預演。我們需要密切關注這一事件的進展,尤其是中國可能採取的反制措施,以及這些措施對市場的潛在影響。

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