歐洲電動車增長助推電力需求翻倍

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歐洲電動車普及將帶動電力需求增長,但對電力行業影響有限

根據Bernstein分析師的預測,歐洲電動車(EV)市場雖然在2024年會有短暫的下滑,但未來將恢復增長,預計至2030年期間平均每年增長超過20%。不過,這股增長對歐洲整體電力行業的影響,並非革命性改變,而是較為溫和的提升。

Bernstein的基本預測顯示,電動車的電力需求將從目前約30至40太瓦時(TWh)提升至2030年的約120太瓦時,約佔歐洲總電力消耗的4%。分析師指出,電動車是推動電力需求增長的五大動力之一,其他還包括供暖與工業電氣化、綠氫以及數據中心等。不過,電動車未來對整體電力需求增長的貢獻率僅約25%至35%。

在經濟層面,電動車的普及並非因零售電價下降而推動。Bernstein團隊由Deepa Venkateswaran帶領,認為零售電價下跌的可能性不大,因為電網及政策相關成本上升會抵消商品價格下降的影響。目前燃料成本佔電動車擁有成本的5%至20%,即使電價偏高,使用家用充電的電動車仍普遍比燃油車更省錢,只有在使用公共快速充電時,這種成本優勢才會減弱。

電網投資需求將因電動車增加而顯著提升

Bernstein特別指出,電動車對電網投資的影響更為明顯。隨著電動車增加,峰值電力需求將上升,促使配電網運營商必須大幅加強低壓及中壓電網基建。根據Bernstein引用的行業估算,歐盟27國及挪威的配電網年投資額需從現有水平提升至2025至2050年間的約670億歐元,幾乎是現時的兩倍。電動車將成為這一需求增長的重要驅動力之一。

此外,電動車亦有潛力提升電網靈活性。它們可作為「虛擬電廠」,在需求高峰期協助平衡電網負荷,減輕壓力。Bernstein團隊表示,隨著電動車數量增加,未來它們可能成為大型虛擬電廠,幫助電網營運商更有效管理越來越多間歇性能源的電力系統。

不過,報告明確指出,電動車雖然對電力行業有增量效益,但並非「遊戲規則改變者」。主要受益者將是電力配電營運商,如英國National Grid、西班牙Iberdrola及德國E.ON SE等,這些公司已經在調整資本支出,以配合電動車帶來的需求增長。

整體而言,Bernstein認為電動車的持續推廣將成為2020年代後期支持電力配電資本支出的多個關鍵因素之一,與輸電資產增長的傳統動力相輔相成。該券商視上述電力配電公司為具吸引力的投資標的,因其盈利前景明朗且回報潛力提升。

評論與啟示

Bernstein的報告為我們提供了一個較為現實且中肯的視角,闡述了電動車普及對歐洲電力行業的影響。雖然電動車數量快速增長,但它們對電力需求的整體拉動力度有限,僅佔未來電力需求增長的約三分之一。這說明電動車本身並非能源轉型的「萬靈丹」,而是多重因素推動電力需求演變中的一環。

此外,報告強調電網基建的升級需求,這其實是新能源時代的核心挑戰之一。隨着電動車普及,電網系統的靈活性和容量必須同步提升,這對電力基建投資提出了更高要求。值得注意的是,電動車作為「虛擬電廠」的潛能,若能有效利用,將有助減緩新能源電網整合的壓力,這是一個值得業界和投資者密切關注的創新方向。

最後,Bernstein指出了電力配電公司在這波變革中的潛在受益地位,這為投資者提供了具體的參考方向。這提醒我們,在新能源和電動車浪潮下,投資機會不僅在於電動車製造商或電池供應商,配電網營運商同樣是關鍵角色。

總結來看,電動車的普及對歐洲電力行業既帶來挑戰,也帶來機遇。如何平衡電力需求增長與電網升級投資,並充分發揮電動車的靈活性優勢,將成為未來能源轉型成功的關鍵。這份報告不僅幫助我們理解現況,更啟示我們思考未來能源與交通深度融合的新模式。

以上文章由特價GPT API KEY所翻譯及撰寫。

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