歐洲數據中心:AI驅動能源需求激增

Ai




**歐洲需擴大能源和改善電網以應對AI時代數據中心的電力需求**

據麥肯錫報告指出,歐洲的數據中心能源需求預計在本年代末將增長三倍,這意味著各國需要增加對可持續電源的投資並升級電網基礎設施。

報告指出,AI的興起是推動這一需求增長的主要原因,歐洲數據中心所需的電力將從目前的62太瓦時(TWh)增至2030年的150太瓦時以上,從現在的10吉瓦增至35吉瓦。

這種全歐洲的增長趨勢與美國數據中心的電力消耗預計在同一時期翻倍的研究結果相呼應。

AI的崛起導致數據中心和能源需求的上升,有報告指出僅生成式AI的能源使用激增將在2030年之前產生25億噸的碳排放。

多家大型科技公司也報告了今年能源消耗的急劇上升,包括谷歌,其最近承認在過去五年中,由於AI需求的激增,其排放量幾乎增加了一半。

麥肯錫報告稱,這種由AI驅動的飛躍將使數據中心的電力消耗從歐洲總能源需求的2%增至未來六年的5%。為了滿足這一需求,數據中心基礎設施需要投資多達3000億美元,但這不包括發電。

然而,麥肯錫指出,開發足夠的電力以滿足這一由AI推動的需求可能並不簡單。儘管數據中心供應商熱衷於使用綠色能源,但在電力來源的可靠性、土地可用性、獲取電力的基礎設施不足以及設備和技術工人的缺乏方面仍存在障礙。

**應對數據中心電力需求的挑戰**

解決這個問題可以幫助歐洲應對AI的迫切需求,同時也有助於在電動汽車、家庭熱泵和製造業向更可持續能源轉型的背景下滿足電力需求。

儘管如此,麥肯錫預測到2030年,僅數據中心就將占據新增能源需求的四分之一。

這一需求激增的關鍵因素是全球AI發展所需的硬件,通常需要大量耗電的高端GPU。這導致了對更多數據中心的需求,特別是那些設計用於優化AI訓練和工作負載的硬件。

麥肯錫預測,超大規模數據中心將推動增長,到2028年將占據數據中心需求的65%,其餘大部分由企業構成。

**推動綠色能源和新電網設計**

數據中心供應商往往需要綠色能源來源,這反過來使得像Meta和谷歌這樣的公司能夠嘗試達到淨零目標。

麥肯錫表示:「在過去二十年中,沒有任何技術比AI,尤其是生成式AI,更需要加速歐洲電力基礎設施的發展。更重要的是,這一需求主要是對清潔能源的需求。」

但這並不像在擁有無碳電力供應的國家(如北歐)建造數據中心那麼簡單,因為這取決於AI的發展階段。在開發過程中,地點的重要性不如AI使用時,延遲問題就會出現。

「目前,許多新的數據中心是為AI訓練設計的,這比傳統的數據中心活動對延遲的要求更低。」麥肯錫說。

「隨著時間的推移,其中一些可能會轉向AI推理,這對速度的要求比AI訓練或傳統使用高得多;那些延遲較差的偏遠地區可能不適合這種用途。」

**現場電力是吸引人的選項**

另一個問題是電網,在某些地區已經達到容量限制,新連接的前置時間緩慢,設備限制延遲此類工作長達兩年。

今年早些時候,英國國家電網的首席執行官警告說,電力需求的上升將繼續對全國電網容量造成重大壓力。

在牛津的奧羅拉春季論壇上,John Pettigrew表示,能源運營商預測未來十年商業數據中心的需求將激增六倍。

因此,數據中心可能需要在可再生能源如太陽能電池板之上,投資他們自己的現場能源來源,包括氫燃料電池、天然氣甚至小型模塊化核反應堆。

谷歌最近宣布與Kairos Power合作,而甲骨文首席技術官拉里·埃里森透露,這家雲計算巨頭正在探索開發自己的小型模塊化反應堆(SMR)以直接為數據中心供電的可能性。

儘管各國可能對僅為生成式AI升級電力系統投入數十億歐元感到猶豫,但麥肯錫指出,這樣的努力將有助於建立「更有彈性和可持續的能源未來」,同時讓歐洲跟上AI的浪潮。

**編者評論**

這篇報道揭示了一個重要的未來挑戰:AI技術的迅猛發展正在對全球能源基礎設施提出嚴峻的要求。隨著數據中心成為能源消耗的主要驅動力之一,如何在滿足需求的同時實現可持續發展,成為各國政府和企業需要共同面對的課題。

從香港的角度看,我們的城市也在不斷增強其科技基礎設施,以吸引更多的數據中心和科技企業。這不僅涉及到技術和資本的投入,更需要在政策規劃和環境保護方面做出明智的決策。如何平衡經濟增長與環境保護,可能是香港乃至全球都需面對的長期挑戰。

此外,這篇文章也啟發我們思考,綠色能源的發展不僅是環境問題,更是經濟競爭力的關鍵因素。未來的能源政策將不僅影響環境,也將決定國家在科技競賽中的地位。香港作為一個國際金融和科技中心,需要積極參與這場全球能源轉型,以保持其競爭優勢。

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