日企收購美國公司要小心!分手費隨時飆升,保障機制要睇實!




日本企業面對逆向解約費用的挑戰

東京/紐約(路透社)- 日本企業在收購美國目標時,面臨更高的風險,因為美國的目標公司可能會在交易中要求高額的解約費,以防止因監管或政治原因造成交易破裂。這一情況是在日本鋼鐵公司(Nippon Steel)14.9億美元收購美國鋼鐵公司(U.S. Steel)失敗後愈發明顯。

過去,由於日本企業的可靠性,當涉及到所謂的逆向解約費時,這些企業在併購談判中幾乎可以獲得豁免。然而,隨著美國日益保護主義的政策,交易的安全性受到國家安全和不斷變化的貿易政策的影響。

日本鋼鐵公司正在挑戰美國政府在喬·拜登(Joe Biden)總統任內對其收購美國鋼鐵的決定,並以安全問題為由封堵該交易。如果挑戰失敗,日本鋼鐵將根據先前協議支付美國鋼鐵5.65億美元,以彌補對方在收購過程中產生的費用。

儘管面對這一潛在風險,日本企業對美國市場的興趣仍然強烈,但外部因素導致交易失敗的可能性增加,讓逆向解約費在談判中變得更加重要,律師和銀行家表示。

長期以來,日本企業在完成交易的風險被認為遠低於來自許多其他國家的公司。然而,如今美國的董事會可能會參考日本鋼鐵的交易,要求在交易中增加“保護”措施,Skadden律師事務所的合夥人肯頓·金(Kenton King)表示。

他告訴路透社:「我認為,接下來一段時間內,你會看到更多的逆向解約費。這些費用的水平不會非常高,不會達到10%的水平,而是可管理的水平,不會讓人感到驚慌。」

逆向解約費的現狀

律師們表示,逆向解約費在涉及日本企業的交易中曾經幾乎不存在,甚至建議西方目標公司不要將其談判得過高。現在,這些費用出現在每20宗涉及上市日本公司的國內和跨境交易中一次,Daiwa Securities的國際投資銀行部門DC Advisory的董事總經理小島俊(Tosh Kojima)表示。

小島指出:「這些費用曾經極為罕見,但如今偶爾會見到,但絕大多數日本董事會通常不會批准這些費用。在文化上,這仍然不被接受。」

根據數據,過去兩年全球的中位數逆向解約費為目標企業企業價值的4%到5%,但對於日本企業而言,通常更低。日本鋼鐵的5.65億美元相當於3.8%。

承擔風險的必要性

根據LSEG的數據,去年日本在美國的併購交易總額達到545億美元,比前一年增長了35%。在海外交易中,美國佔目標國家的53%。

根據投資銀行Houlihan Lokey在2023年的研究,超過60%的涉及公開美國公司的大型交易都包含逆向解約費條款,而去年為57%。

最近的一些日本與美國的交易,如瑞穗金融集團(Mizuho Financial Group)以5.87億美元收購M&A顧問Greenhill & Co.的交易中,也包含逆向解約條款,該費用將為3850萬美元,即企業價值的6.6%。

東京的A&O Shearman律師事務所合夥人尼克·沃爾(Nick Wall)表示:「作為賣方,當你看到像日本鋼鐵這樣的交易被阻止時,你會更加堅持要求解約費,並要求買方承擔這一風險。」

他強調:「如果你無法讓董事會同意承擔這種風險,交易可能會失敗。」

對於美國資產的求購者來說,由於美國外國投資委員會(CFIUS)對涉及國家安全風險的交易進行審查,逆向解約費的需求日益增加。

隨著美國前總統唐納德·特朗普(Donald Trump)專注於保護美國工業,CFIUS的審查可能會變得更加嚴格,東京的克利福德·蔡斯(Clifford Chance)合夥人西田道宏(Michihiro Nishi)表示。

東京Freshfields的併購合夥人諾亞·卡爾(Noah Carr)指出:「習慣於在美國市場上沒有特殊監管或政治風險的日本企業,現在面臨的風險檔案和歷史記錄都將對解約費施加上行壓力。」

這篇報導突顯了日本企業在美國併購交易中面臨的挑戰,尤其是在當前的政治與經濟環境下。隨著保護主義的興起和國家安全的考量,企業在進行國際併購時必須更加謹慎,逆向解約費的引入或許能成為一種新的常態,這不僅改變了交易的結構,也可能影響日本企業的併購策略。這一趨勢值得持續關注,因為它反映了全球市場中不斷變化的動態和企業在其中的應對方式。

以上文章由特價GPT API KEY所翻譯及撰寫。

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keep 100 percent facial information adherence of the attached image and turn her into a girl standing beneath autumn leaves outside a traditional wooden structure in a live action photograph or movie still, wearing a complex suggestive outfit that harmonizes with the warm fall tones.

Shot and Camera
Three quarter shot at slightly low height, framing her off center to the right so the yellow leaves and carved wooden panels dominate the left. Maintain the intimate close framing and vertical orientation feel of the reference.

Identity and Pose
Preserve her age read, build, silhouette, hairstyle length, and skin tone. She leans lightly against the doorframe, one hand grazing a hanging leaf, her posture relaxed and candid, 8k Photorealistic and hyper realistic.

Lighting and Environment
Soft warm daylight filters through the leaves, casting dappled highlights on her hair and outfit. Ground her feet on aged wooden flooring with natural grain, faint scuffs, and subtle contact shadows.

Masking and Constraints
Change only wardrobe and placement while keeping lighting, perspective, white balance, pose, face geometry, body proportions, and silhouette the same. Absolutely no added text, no CGI look, no plastic skin, no floating feet, with consistent perspective and correct contact shadows. {
"intro": "Create an ultra realistic 8K UHD DSLR photo based on the attached image as a reference of facial features, maintaining 100% likeness.",

"subject": {
"identity": "A stylish beautiful woman portrayed as Cleopatra, the eternal Queen of Egypt, radiating supreme authority, elegance, and divine power.",
"angle": "Full-body editorial portrait captured at a cinematic 3/4 angle, both Cleopatra and the horse positioned diagonally, rendered in ultra-crisp clarity with no blur.",
"pose": {
"body_position": "She is riding a majestic white horse, seated confidently with impeccable royal posture, her torso slightly turned to a 3/4 angle to emphasize grace and dominance.",
"hands": "One hand gently holds the gold-accented reins, while the other rests elegantly near her waist, displaying ornate jewelry.",
"expression": "She looks directly at the camera with a calm, commanding, and seductive gaze—the unmistakable presence of a queen born to rule."
}
},

"appearance": {
"outfit": "An opulent, ultra-bongga Cleopatra couture gown in pristine white and radiant gold. The gown features a sculpted corset bodice richly embroidered with gold hieroglyphic motifs, sun-disk patterns, and crystal beadwork. Flowing white silk, chiffon, and sheer organza panels cascade dramatically from the waist and shoulders, creating powerful movement as she rides. A daring thigh-high slit reveals her leg, balancing sensuality with imperial elegance. Every seam is traced with gold-thread embroidery for a luminous, goddess-like silhouette.",
"accessories": "She wears the exact Cleopatra headpiece from the attached reference image: a regal black-and-gold striped nemes-style headdress with a polished gold cobra (uraeus) centerpiece at the forehead, structured side panels, and intricate gold detailing. Paired with a wide Egyptian collar necklace with turquoise accents, engraved gold arm cuffs, crystal finger rings, an ornate gold waist belt, delicate anklets, and elegant flat Egyptian sandals.",
"hair": "Her hair is fully concealed beneath the nemes headpiece as shown in the reference image, ensuring perfect historical accuracy and symmetry.",
"makeup": "Ultra-bold, highly colorful Egyptian eye makeup with ceremonial ink artistry. Her eyes feature sharp elongated black kohl eyeliner extended dramatically past the outer corners, layered with vivid turquoise, teal, emerald green, sapphire blue, violet, and metallic gold pigments blended in high-fashion gradients. Beneath each eye, intricate hand-drawn ink designs inspired by ancient Egyptian symbolism are visible—fine black and gold lines, dots, and sacred motifs echoing hieroglyphs and protective markings, following the natural curve of the lower eye and cheekbone. Her complexion is flawless and softly bronzed with luminous highlights, brows are sculpted and powerful, cheeks carry a subtle coral-rose flush, and lips are finished in a refined nude-rose satin tone to balance the intense, artistic eye look."
},

"props": {
"animal": "A powerful, majestic white horse with a flowing ivory mane, sculpted muscles, and intelligent dark eyes. The horse wears elegant white-and-gold tack engraved with Egyptian motifs, symbolizing royal conquest, divine favor, and sovereignty."
},

"background": {
"macro_environment": "A vast open desert landscape near the Egyptian palace and pyramids at golden hour, stretching endlessly beneath a dramatic sky glowing with gold, amber, and soft ivory tones.",
"midground_details": "Distant pyramids rising from the sand, monumental stone statues, ceremonial banners moving in the wind, and faint silhouettes of royal guards and attendants placed far behind for scale.",
"micro_elements": "Fine desert sand lifted by the horse’s movement, sharply defined gold engravings on the reins, visible embroidery threads on the gown, subtle translucency of sheer fabrics, radiant light reflections on gold surfaces, and crisp, realistic shadows—everything rendered with extreme clarity and zero blur."
},

"lighting": {
"type": "Cinematic natural golden-hour lighting with soft reflective highlights.",
"effect": "Warm sunlight intensifies the white-and-gold palette, ignites the vibrant eye makeup colors and ink details, and illuminates the horse’s coat, creating a radiant, divine, editorial glow."
},

"camera": {
"camera_type": "DSLR",
"resolution": "8K UHD",
"lens": "50mm prime lens",
"aperture": "f/8 for maximum sharpness across subject and background",
"iso": 100,
"shutter_speed": "1/250s to freeze motion while maintaining realism",
"focus": "Extreme sharp focus from foreground to background, no bokeh, no blur"
},

"style": "High-fashion editorial, cinematic realism, divine Egyptian royalty, white-and-gold couture contrasted with vibrant ceremonial eye art, powerful, sensual, ultra-detailed, sharp, majestic"
} add hello kitty