宇宙嘅「無人地帶」——質量間隙係乜嘢?




銀河系中嘅「質量間隙幽靈」可能係我們從未見過嘅神秘天體,喺2.5到5倍太陽質量嘅「無人地帶」中潛伏,挑戰我們對宇宙嘅認知!

學習路徑

  • 第一課:宇宙嘅「無人地帶」——質量間隙係乜嘢?
  • 第二課:「幽靈」點樣嚟?— 三大神秘起源
  • 第三課:點樣捉「鬼」?— 現代天文學嘅偵探工具箱

第一課:宇宙嘅「無人地帶」——質量間隙係乜嘢?

同學仔,想象一下你哋喺一條馬路上行,一邊係細路仔玩緊滑梯(好似中子星),另一邊係大隻佬喺舉重(好似黑洞)。但係中間有一段路,冇人喺度,好似鬼城咁。呢段「鬼城」就係我哋今天要講嘅「質量間隙」。

喺天文學上,中子星大約係1.4到2.2倍太陽質量,而黑洞通常起碼5倍太陽質量以上。但係2.5到5倍太陽質量呢個範圍,就好似一個「無人地帶」。根據我哋對恆星死亡嘅理解,恆星演化完之後,要嘛變成中子星,要嘛直接變成黑洞,好少會「停」喺中間呢個質量。

咁如果喺呢個範圍發現天體,就好似喺鬼城見到人影咁,會令人非常驚訝!呢啲天體,我哋叫佢哋做「質量間隙幽靈」。佢哋嘅存在,挑戰我哋對恆星生命終點嘅基本認知。近期,蓋亞衛星同其他先進望遠鏡,真係喺呢度見到一啲「人影」,令科學家們非常興奮,因為呢可能係全新物理學嘅線索!

思考題: 問題一:根據我哋目前嘅理解,點解恆星演化後好少會產生質量喺2.5到5倍太陽質量之間嘅天體?

第二課:「幽靈」點樣嚟?— 三大神秘起源

好,我哋已經知道宇宙有個「無人地帶」,仲喺度見到「幽靈」。但係最刺激嘅問題嚟啦:呢啲「幽靈」係邊個?佢哋點樣嚟嘅?科學家有三個主要嘅「嫌疑犯」,我哋用比喻嚟理解佢哋。

第一個嫌疑犯,叫做「失敗嘅超新星」。想象一個煙花匠本來想整個超級大煙花(超新星)炸開,但係點知火藥濕咗,『呯』一聲就完事,個煙花殘骸(核心)冇炸開,就直接跌落嚟,變成一個又唔係中子星、又唔係黑洞嘅「失敗品」。呢個「失敗品」就係一個質量間隙天體。

第二個嫌疑犯,叫做「吸積誘發塌縮」。好似你食雪糕,一球一球咁食,本來個中子星(好似個雪糕筒)已經飽了,但係你硬係要再塞多幾球雪糕落去(吸積物質)。塞到最後,個雪糕筒頂唔順,『啪』一聲冧咗,變成一個更重、但重未係黑洞嘅「超重雪糕球」。

第三個嫌疑犯就更加科幻,叫做「原始或合併起源」。想像兩個細粒嘅中子星,好似兩個細路仔咁,喺宇宙度玩相撞,撞完之後黐埋一齊,變成一個「大隻仔」,但個體重未大到成為一個真正嘅黑洞。或者,喺宇宙大爆炸後不久,直接形成咗呢啲奇奇怪怪嘅「原始幽靈」。

呢三個可能性,每一個都背後涉及極端嘅物理條件,而研究呢啲「幽靈」,就等於喺宇宙最危險嘅實驗室做實驗,可以幫我哋驗證或者推翻現有嘅物理定律!

思考題: 問題二:喺「失敗超新星」、「吸積誘發塌縮」同「合併起源」呢三個假說當中,邊一個最難透過直接觀測嚟證實?點解?

第三課:點樣捉「鬼」?— 現代天文學嘅偵探工具箱

既然「幽靈」咁神秘,平日又唔發光,我哋點樣樣搵到佢哋,證明佢哋存在呢?呢度就要好似偵探咁,運用各種先進工具同技巧,由啲蛛絲馬跡入手。

第一種方法,叫做「引力偵探」。就算「幽靈」本身係隱形嘅,但係佢有質量,就會有引力。好似一個隱形人喺房入面行,雖然你睇唔到佢,但如果地上有一啲波,佢行過去嗰陣啲波會被佢吸埋一邊。天文學家就利用蓋亞衛星,極其精確量度千千萬萬粒恆星嘅位置。如果發現有粒恆星行路軌跡有啲古怪,周圍圍繞住一個睇唔到嘅質量,咁就極有可能係一個「質量間隙幽靈」喺度作怪!

第二種方法,叫做「X光通緝令」。呢啲「幽靈」雖然本身暗淡,但如果佢身邊有伴星,就好似一個隱形賊人有個夥伴咁。佢會用引力偷啲物質(好似偷銀紙咁)過嚟,呢啲物質喺跌落去「幽靈」之前,會被加熱到超高温,發出強烈嘅X光。我哋嘅X光望遠鏡就好似一部天羅地網,專門捕捉呢啲「犯罪現場」發出嘅光。

第三種方法,係最新、最犀利嘅,叫做「引力波聽診器」。當兩個「幽靈」或者一個「幽靈」同其他緻密天體(好似中子星或者黑洞)旋轉靠近最後合併嗰陣,會劇烈咁扭曲時空,發出「引力波」。我哋嘅LIGO、Virgo等探測器,就好似宇宙嘅聽診器,可以「聽」到呢啲宇宙級嘅碰撞。通過分析引力波嘅信號,我哋可以非常準確咁計出碰撞天體嘅質量。如果計出嘅質量剛剛好喺2.5到5倍太陽質量之間,咁就等於捉到一個「幽靈」嘅正!

總括嚟講,我哋唔再係用肉眼睇星星,而係透過引力、X光同引力波呢啲「超能力」,去揭開宇宙最深層嘅秘密。每一個被發現嘅「質量間隙幽靈」,都係對我哋理解宇宙嘅一份大禮物!

思考題: 問題三:喺尋找「質量間隙幽靈」嘅三種方法(引力擾動、X光信號、引力波)當中,你覺得邊種方法最有希望發現一個單獨存在、冇任何伴星嘅「幽靈」?點解?


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