奧地利信貸評級被調降至AA!經濟挑戰加劇

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惠譽調低奧地利長期外幣發行人違約評級至AA,展望維持穩定

惠譽評級將奧地利的長期外幣發行人違約評級(IDR)由「AA+」下調至「AA」,同時維持展望為穩定。此次評級下調反映了奧地利持續面臨的財政及宏觀經濟挑戰,以及政府債務的增加。

自上次評審以來,奧地利的財政和宏觀經濟前景有所惡化。2024年財政赤字達到GDP的4.7%,遠高於先前預測的3.7%,原因包括經濟環境惡化以及地方政府和市政層面的超支。儘管新政府推行了財政整固計劃,政府債務佔GDP的比例預料在中期仍將持續上升。

一般政府赤字預計將逐步降低至2025年的GDP 4.3%和2026年的3.9%,但這兩項數字仍高於此前預期的2025年4.0%和2026年3.6%。同時,這些赤字水準也高於「AA」評級主權國家的中位數,預計分別為GDP 2.5%及1.9%。

政府的財政整固計劃旨在扭轉近年來部分財政寬鬆措施,但持續的經濟疲弱可能抑制收入增長,從而削弱這些努力的成效。

截至2024年底,奧地利的一般政府債務達GDP的81.8%,明顯高於一年前預測的76.6%。惠譽預計債務與GDP的比例在中期將繼續攀升,並於2027至2029年間才會穩定在約86%。

2024年奧地利經濟萎縮1.2%,連續第二年收縮。該國經濟產出較烏克蘭戰爭前下降3.3%,成為歐盟內表現最弱的經濟體。2025年經濟預計將停滯,但2026年GDP增長有望回升至1.2%。

展望未來,奧地利將面臨來自人口老化及氣候相關支出的增加,這將加劇財政壓力。自2029年起,財政初步平衡預料在接下來五年內每年惡化約0.7個百分點的GDP比例。

儘管遭遇評級下調,奧地利的「AA」評級仍受惠於多元且富裕的經濟體質、堅強的政治與社會制度,以及歐元作為儲備貨幣的地位。該國擁有歐盟內最長的可流通政府債券平均期限,達11.4年,有助減輕利率上升對債務服務成本的影響。

奧地利外部私營部門資產負債表依然穩健,銀行業儘管面臨不良貸款和商業地產挑戰,仍展現韌性。銀行業的資本充足率及盈利能力強勁,加上自2024年中以來利率下降,改善了融資條件並促使住房貸款需求增加。

若政府債務與GDP比率顯著超出目前預測,或經濟增長持續疲弱,惠譽可能會採取進一步負面評級行動。相反地,若政府債務與GDP比率在中期明顯下降,有望促成正面評級調整。

評論與啟示

惠譽此次調低奧地利信用評級,凸顯了歐洲中部經濟體在全球經濟不確定性中所面臨的壓力。奧地利作為歐盟經濟體系中的重要一員,面對的不僅是短期的財政赤字和債務上升,更有結構性的挑戰,如人口老化和氣候變化帶來的龐大財政負擔。這些因素很可能影響該國未來十年的財政穩定性。

此外,奧地利經濟連續兩年萎縮,且表現落後於其他歐盟國家,反映了全球地緣政治緊張及能源危機對中歐經濟的深遠影響。雖然短期內經濟有望復甦,但增長動力仍然薄弱,對於依賴出口和製造業的奧地利來說,如何多元化經濟結構、提升內需和創新能力成為當務之急。

惠譽強調債務期限長有助於抵禦利率風險,這是奧地利一大優勢,顯示該國在債務管理方面仍有良好基礎。銀行業的韌性也是穩定金融體系的關鍵,但不良貸款和商業地產壓力提醒我們,金融風險仍不可忽視。

總結來說,奧地利的財政和經濟挑戰是多方面且複雜的,未來政策制定者必須在促進經濟增長與控制財政赤字之間取得平衡,同時積極應對人口結構變化及氣候變遷的長期影響。這次評級調整或許是對奧地利政府的警示,提示其在全球經濟環境變化中需更審慎和前瞻性地規劃財政政策,以維持國家信用和經濟韌性。

以上文章由特價GPT API KEY所翻譯及撰寫。

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