人工智能重塑法國就業市場?未來挑戰初現端倪

Ai

人工智能或將改變法國就業市場,但仍處於初期階段

隨著科技巨頭亞馬遜本週宣佈將裁減14,000個職位,人工智能(AI)引發的裁員時代似乎已正式展開。雖然美國已經出現重組和招聘放緩的跡象,但AI對法國就業市場的影響仍難以全面評估,然而警號正逐漸浮現。

人工智能的出現,曾經只存在於科幻小說中,但自從ChatGPT於三年前問世後,這類工具迅速滲透進我們的職場生活,速度令人眼花繚亂。

勞動力重組

根據世界經濟論壇《2025年未來就業報告》,AI正推動勞動力深刻重組,並加速行政職能的自動化。銀行、保險、通訊、市場營銷、物流及數據分析等職位最易受影響,尤其是那些重複性和可預測的工作。

自由翻譯工作者Fanny坦言:「我感覺頭上懸著達摩克利斯之劍。」她從事翻譯15年,近來越來越考慮轉行。她周圍的招聘廣告中,轉行職位大量湧現,主因是DeepL及ChatGPT等工具能產出越來越自然的文本。

Fanny表示:「目前我還有不錯的收入,主要因為我翻譯德語,且多為瑞士客戶,當地仍重視質量。」然而,她的部分客戶已消失,雖未直接告知偏好機器翻譯,但她憑專業眼光能識別AI生成翻譯的固定用語。

新興職業

AI不僅改變翻譯方式,更催生了「後期編輯」這一新職業,即修正機器翻譯錯誤。不過Fanny指出,這類工作薪酬較低、趣味性不足,且交期更緊。

2024年,語言學習應用Duolingo裁減了10%自由翻譯合約,並終止部分作者合作。其CEO Luis von Ahn表示,希望「停止使用承包商做AI能生成的工作」。

雖無具體數據顯示AI摧毀了多少翻譯職位,但這一領域成為知識型職業工業革命的試驗場。

快速創新與裁員潮

今年5月,Anthropic CEO Dario Amodei預測,AI或在五年內消滅一半初級白領職位,令失業率升至10-20%。亞馬遜已成現實例子,近日宣布裁減14,000職位,佔其35萬行政職位約4%,首波裁員或波及3萬人,涉及支援、人力資源、物流、雲計算及廣告等部門。亞馬遜人力資源副總裁Beth Galetti直指決策與生成式AI有關,稱此AI世代是自互聯網以來最具變革性的技術。

其他科技及服務巨頭亦跟進:IBM率先自動化HR功能;Accenture裁員12,000人,並警告不適應AI的員工可能成下一波裁員對象;Salesforce CEO透露AI已完成公司30-50%工作,裁減4,000員工;微軟9月減少法國200職位,佔當地員工10%,理由包括提升運營效率及大規模投資AI。

不過,瑞典金融科技公司Klarna先前裁員40%,後因客戶不滿而重新招聘,顯示企業面對AI帶來的變革仍在摸索中。

影響難以量度

美國已展開AI相關重組,歐洲則較為謹慎。法國尚未有大型社會計劃明確指向AI,影響仍難測量。HEC創新專家Antonin Bergeaud指出,美國市場反應較快,但法國企業也開始減慢高風險行業招聘步伐,靜觀技術發展。

9月底,LHH集團調查2,000名高管,46%已因AI減員,54%計劃未來五年減少招聘,但只有12%員工認為AI是離職原因,反映管理層與員工認知存在落差。LHH法國董事總經理Michaël Chambon稱,現階段是轉型而非毀滅,企業多以不替補或凍結招聘方式調整。

另一方面,AI推動生產力提升,部分企業反而增加招聘,形成矛盾現象。PwC《2025年AI職位晴雨表》顯示,法國AI相關職位招聘數量自2019年至2024年增長273%。Bergeaud認為,全面AI策略尚只在大企業推行,真正變革尚未普及至中小企。

初級職位風險最大

世界經濟論壇指出,實習及初級職位最易被自動化取代。HEC Talents執行董事Jean-Amiel Jourdan觀察到,AI令傳統初級職位減少,分析、綜合及報告產出工作被自動化,招聘新人需具備監督並驗證AI生成內容能力。

他憂慮,若減少初級招聘,僱主將面臨「人才斷層」困境。美國史丹福研究亦顯示,生成式AI普及後,22至25歲年輕人在高暴露職業的就業率下降13%,開發人員職位跌幅達20%。

招聘者Greg Lhotellier分析,科技行業近兩年放緩,主因經濟環境不佳,尚未見到因AI取代而停止招聘情況。他預期未來職業將轉向「AI經理」,人類仍需監督和理解AI生成的代碼。

持續演變的勞動市場

國際勞工組織研究指出,四分之一職位面臨生成式AI風險,但完全自動化職位甚少。Lhotellier提醒,社會影響可能真實存在,但AI對就業的衝擊尚未達到預警等級。

未來勞動市場可能分裂為「AI增強」的員工與部分被AI取代或被邊緣化者。Chambon強調,許多職位仍處於演變階段,需提前預備和培訓,長遠看難以避免總體職位減少。

評論與啟示

這篇報道清晰描繪了AI如何逐步滲透及改變法國乃至全球就業市場的現狀,特別是初級職位及重複性工作的風險。亞馬遜、微軟、Accenture等巨頭的裁員行動,無疑為AI帶來的勞動市場震盪敲響警鐘。然而,歐洲市場的謹慎態度與美國的迅速反應形成鮮明對比,顯示不同經濟體對新技術接受與調整的節奏不一。

值得注意的是,AI並非純粹的「破壞者」,它同時創造了新職業,如「後期編輯」和預期中的「AI經理」,這反映了技術演進中職業結構的複雜性。職場人士需認識到,AI帶來的不是簡單的職位消失,而是工作內容的轉型與技能要求的提升。

對香港及其他高度服務業及知識經濟城市來說,這份報告提醒我們必須積極應對AI帶來的挑戰,尤其是初級職位的培訓和轉型支持,避免人才斷層和失業率攀升。此外,企業與政府應攜手制定策略,平衡創新與就業保障,確保科技進步帶來的紅利能廣泛惠及社會。

最後,AI對勞動市場的影響仍在演變中,過度悲觀或樂觀均不足取,持續監察技術發展與勞動市場動態,並靈活調整政策,將是未來關鍵。這篇文章提供了寶貴的視角,提醒我們在AI浪潮中保持清醒與準備。

以上文章由特價GPT API KEY所翻譯及撰寫。而圖片則由FLUX根據內容自動生成。

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