乜嘢係「去個體化」?——自我意識嘅消失




點解平時好好嘅人,一埋群體就會變咗另一個人?學懂「去個體化」,你就會明!

學習路徑

  • 第一課:乜嘢係「去個體化」?——自我意識嘅消失
  • 第二課:點解會「去個體化」?——匿名感同責任分散嘅魔法
  • 第三課:後果與反思——點樣唔俾「群體」控制你?

第一課:乜嘢係「去個體化」?——自我意識嘅消失

你好!我哋今日用一個好簡單嘅方法,嚟理解一個有啲繞口但係好重要嘅心理学概念:「去個體化」。想像一下,你平時係一個好斯文、守規矩嘅人。但係,當你突然間被拋入一個好嘈雜、好情緒化嘅人群入面,例如係一場激烈嘅波波賽或者一個抗議活動,你會唔會覺得自己嘅行為有啲唔同晒?可能你會跟住啲人一齊大叫,甚至做出一啲平時唔敢做嘅舉動。呢個,就係「去個體化」嘅開始。

所謂「去個體化」,字面意思就係「失去咗個體嘅特性」。用我哋嘅廣東話嚟講,就係「唔記得自己係邊個」、「唔識得自己」咁解。當你身處一個大群體之中,個人之間嘅界線變得好模糊,你個人嘅身份、道德觀、同埋平時嘅行為準則,就好似被稀釋咁,突然間冇咗以前咁重要。

為咗更容易理解,我哋用個比喻。想像你個人獨自一個行夜路,你會唔會特别警惕?你會注意周圍嘅環境,諗住安全第一,唔會亂嘢。但係,如果有一大班人(例如一百個)一齊行夜路,你嘅警覺性係咪會即刻下降好多?你會覺得「咁多人,唔怕㗎啦!」「就算有事,都唔會係我第一個中招㗎啦」。喺呢個時候,你嘅「個人責任感」就分散咗,變成「成個群體嘅責任」。你嘅自我意識,就係咁樣「去」咗。你唔再係一個獨立思考嘅「你」,而係群體入面嘅一份子,一個匿名的、冇面孔嘅角色。

所以,第一課嘅核心概念係:「去個體化」就係喺群體力量之下,你嘅「自我」暫時「隱形」咗。你嘅行為不再由個人嘅良心或者標準主導,而係受到群體氛圍同埋情緒嘅影響。記住呢個感覺,我哋下一課會繼續深入探討,點解會咁。

思考題: 試用一個自己嘅比喻,嚟解釋「去個體化」點樣令一個人嘅自我意識降低。

第二課:點解會「去個體化」?——匿名感同責任分散嘅魔法

好,上一課我哋明白咗「去個體化」係乜。今日我哋就拆解下,背後有咩「魔法」喺度作怪,令一個正常人咁容易就「中招」。呢個魔法主要源於兩個元素:「匿名感」同埋「責任分散」。

第一,匿名感。想像一下,你喺萬人嘅演唱會會場,跟住一齊起身吶喊、掟螢光棒。你會唔會擔心個人形象?會唔會覺得尴尬?好少啦!因為周圍邊個識你啊?你戴住帽,喺黑暗入面,你只係成千上萬個光點之中嘅一個。呢種「冇人識到我」嘅感覺,就係匿名感。當你感覺自己係匿名嘅時候,你對自己行為嘅約束力就會大幅下降。你會覺得:「就算我做啲出位啲嘢,都唔會有人記得我,更加唔會追究到我身上嚟。」就好似喺網上留言,好多時因為匿名,人講嘢會更加大膽、更加無所顧忌,係咪同一個道理?

第二,責任分散。呢個概念更加鬼馬。當你一個人做錯嘢,你要負上100%嘅責任。但係,當有成千人一齊做同一樣嘢,你個人要負嘅責任就變成好似「千分之一」咁微不足道。你個腠會同你講:「唔係我一個嘅問題㗎嘛!」「大家都係咁㗎啦!」「我哋係一個整體,責任要分㗎。」呢種心理,就好似一個大餅,平時一個人食晒會好飽,但係如果分畀一百個人食,每個人只係得到一小小塊,根本冇感覺。責任就係嗰塊大餅,群體人數越多,分到你身上嘅就越少,你就越覺得無所謂。

我哋再嚟個生動啲嘅比喻。想像你喺一個好靚嘅公園,你肯定唔會亂垃圾。但係,如果公園入面已經散滿咗垃圾,而且周圍啲人都隨手亂掟,你會唔會有咁大嘅心理壓力去執起你手上面啲垃圾,再行遠啲掉入垃圾桶?可能你嘅想法會變成:「哎呀,都咁亂喇,我掉一兩件都冇所謂啦,反正又唔係我搞成咁。」喺呢一刻,你嘅匿名感(「啲人唔會特別留意到我」)同責任分散感(「成個公園咁多垃圾,唔係我嘅責任」)就一齊出現咗。你嘅個人標準,就喺群體行為嘅洪流之中被沖走咗。

所以,總結第二課:「匿名感」令你覺得自己做乜都冇人知,而「責任分散」令你覺得自己做乜都唔使負責。呢兩樣嘢加埋,就係「去個體化」最強大嘅催化劑。

思考題: 除咗課文提到嘅,你仲可以諗到邊啲現代生活入面嘅情況,容易產生「匿名感」同「責任分散」?

第三課:後果與反思——點樣唔俾「群體」控制你?

經過頭兩課,我哋已經拆解咗「去個體化」嘅定義同成因。今日,我哋會睇下呢個現象帶嚟乜嘢後果,同埋最重要嘅——我哋點樣可以保持清醒,唔俾群體嘅洪流沖走頭腦。

首先,後果可以好嚴重。正如你最初嘅學習目標所講,「去個體化」解釋咗點解普通人會參與暴動、搶劫同埋其他集體暴力行為。當一個人失去咗自我同責任感,佢就好似俾人攞走咗道德羅盤。喺群體嘅鼓動下,一啲平時絕對唔會做嘅事,例如破壞公物、傷害無辜嘅人,都可能會變得「合理化」。因為喺嗰一刻,佢唔係「陳小明」或者「李小姐」,而只係「群體入面憤怒嘅一份子」。呢個係最危險嘅地方,亦係歷史上好多悲劇嘅心理根源。

但係,係咪所有群體行為都係壞事呢?當然唔係。積極嘅群體,例如義工團、運動隊,都可以產生正面嘅集體力量。關鍵唔係喺「群體」本身,而係喺個體有冇保持住「自我意識」。

咁,我哋點樣可以喺群體之中,保持住自己嘅清醒同獨立思考呢?

1. **刻意保持自我意識**:當你感覺情緒開始俾周圍人影響,或者覺得個腠開始「麻痺」嘅時候,試下喺心入面提名道姓提醒自己:「喂,我係陳小明,我係一個獨立嘅人,我要對自己嘅行為負責。」呢個簡單嘅心理動作,可以幫你重新連接返你嘅「自我」,打破匿名嘅魔咒。

2. **事前立定心志**:如果你預計自己會去一個情緒可能會好激動嘅場合(例如大型示威、狂歡派對),最好事先諗清楚自己嘅底線同原則。同自己約法三章:「無論點樣,我都唔會做傷害人嘅事」、「我唔會俾人煽動去破壞財物」。有咗預設嘅道德指南針,你就唔會容易喺混亂中迷航。

3. **尋找「安全錨」**:喺群體入面,試下保持同你信任嘅朋友或家人嘅聯繫。佢哋就好似你嘅「現實錨」,可以時刻提醒你現實世界嘅規則同你嘅身份。當你覺得自己快要俾群體吞噬嘅時候,望一望你嘅朋友,諗一諗佢哋對你嘅期望,可能會幫你返到嚟。

最後,我哋用返一個比喻。學懂應對「去個體化」,就好似學識喺大浪入面衝浪。你唔可以阻止大浪(群體力量)嘅出現,但係你可以學習點樣喺上面保持平衡,掌握自己嘅方向,而唔係俾個浪打沉。你需要嘅係一塊穩陣嘅衝浪板(你嘅原則同自我意識),同埋不斷練習(喺日常生活中提醒自己)。

希望呢三堂課,唔係只係教你一個心理学名詞,而係俾你一個工具,幫你喺複雜嘅社會入面,做一個更加清醒、更加有責任感嘅獨立個體。多謝你!

思考題: 下次當你身處一個情緒高漲嘅群體入面時,你可以用邊種具體方法,嚟提醒自己保持獨立判斷?


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