中國電動車電池回收亂象與未來挑戰揭秘

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中國電動車電池回收業面臨挑戰與機遇

2025年8月,39歲的王磊決定終於要告別他的電動車。這輛車是他在2016年購入的,當時北京的電動車市場仍屬於試驗階段。他買的是一款中國本土品牌的小型車,當時政府補貼力度大,銷售員還強調「支持國產創新」,周圍開電動車的人不多,他也喜歡當先鋒。

然而,隨著電池健康狀況下降,車輛續航能力逐漸縮短。雖然可以更換電池,但保修期已過,花費與麻煩讓他覺得不值得。此外,他也想換新款車,於是決定賣掉舊車。

他原本只是模糊計劃,直到開始在抖音上看到本地電池回收商的廣告,才付諸行動。他找了幾家回收點,最高出價來自城郊一家小店。他加了微信聯繫方式,隔天就有人來取車,最後拿到8,000元人民幣。加上中國政府提供的汽車報廢補貼,王磊最終共賺約28,000元。

王磊的故事反映了中國電動車普及帶來的另一面。過去十年,中國電動車市場迅速擴張,政府支持是主要推動力之一。到2025年底,近六成新車銷售為電動車或插電混動車。但隨著第一批電動車電池壽命終結,車主開始淘汰舊車,如何處理這些老舊電池成為新挑戰。

這一問題給仍在起步階段的中國電池回收產業帶來巨大壓力,也催生了不少安全環保標準不佳的灰色市場。國家監管機構和企業正努力建立正式回收網絡和回收計劃,但至今仍難應付大量報廢電池。

現在的電動車電池多為鋰離子電池,容量每年略有下降,充電速度變慢,續航縮短,安全風險增加。電池容量跌至80%以下時,通常被視為需要退役。據EVtank研究機構估計,2025年中國報廢電池總量約為82萬噸,預計2030年將接近100萬噸。

截至2025年11月底,中國已有約18萬家涉足電池回收的企業,其中3萬多家是2025年新增,超過六成企業成立不足三年。這還不包括大量非法小作坊。

電池退役通常有兩種處理方式:一是「梯次利用」,將尚可用的電池用於能量儲存或低速車輛等較低要求的場合;二是全面回收,拆解電池回收鋰、鎳、鈷、錳等金屬,再用於新電池製造。這兩種方式都需要大量資金投入,小企業往往無力承擔。

然而,非法回收中心因無需支付環保、防火、廢水處理、合規及稅務等成本,能提供更高價格吸引車主。前電池回收工人林先生透露,他曾在無牌作坊工作,見過工人「直接拆開電池,重新組裝成新電池包並包裝出售」,甚至將翻新電池冒充新品賣給用戶。對於廢舊或損壞嚴重的電池,則直接碾碎按重量賣給稀有金屬提煉商。這些作坊常將廢水直接排入下水道,嚴重污染環境。

這種粗放式處理方式導致有毒物質釋放,水土污染,並帶來火災和爆炸風險。為此,中國政府自2018年起由工信部發布多批認證回收企業「白名單」,目前共有156家認證企業,但正式回收率仍遠低於廢舊電池產生速度。

中國不僅是全球最大電動車市場,也是電動車及電池製造中心。2024年,中國生產超過全球七成電動車,銷量佔全球一半以上,企業如寧德時代(CATL)和比亞迪(BYD)合計掌控全球近半數電池產量。這些企業也開始為車主提供舊電池回收方案,透過經銷商與4S店推動以舊換新和報廢補貼。

比亞迪擁有自家回收體系,每年處理數千套報廢電池,並與專業回收商合作回收材料。吉利打造了「循環製造」系統,結合拆解報廢車輛、梯次利用電池及高效回收金屬。寧德時代旗下布朗普擁有240多個收集點,年處理能力約27萬噸,鎳、鈷、錳回收率超過99%。

上海電池工程師李傑表示,「沒有人比生產企業更懂這些電池」,因為他們深知電池化學、供應鏈及回收材料的再利用。他認為車企和電池商必須建立閉環系統,實現電池的全生命周期管理。

然而,並非所有消費者都能享受車廠的回收服務,因為不少早期電動車品牌已經倒閉。過去五年超過400個小品牌和初創企業破產,現存品牌約100家。

分析師預計,隨著首批補貼購車的電動車進入報廢期,未來二手電池市場將更加龐大。李傑強調,中國必須加快建立一套全面的電池報廢管理系統,能夠追蹤、重用及回收電池,避免大量電池流入灰色市場,造成環境和安全隱患。

評論與啟示

中國的電動車市場雖然蓬勃發展,但電池回收問題逐漸浮出水面,成為產業可持續發展的瓶頸。這不僅是環保問題,更涉及資源循環利用和產業鏈安全。政府和企業的努力雖然明顯,但灰色市場的存在暴露出監管和執法的不足。

從長遠看,建立完善的電池全生命周期管理體系至關重要。這不僅需要技術和資金支持,更依賴政策引導和市場機制的完善。比如,強化產業標準、推動電池設計的可回收性、建立電池身份識別系統(類似汽車VIN碼),都能有效減少非法回收和環境污染。

此外,電池梯次利用的潛力巨大,能延長電池價值鏈,減少資源浪費。政府可考慮提供更多補貼和激勵,扶持合法回收企業擴大規模,提高回收效率與安全標準。

在全球電動車市場競爭日益激烈的背景下,中國的電池回收體系是否能及時跟上,將直接影響產業生態與國際競爭力。這是一場技術、環保與經濟多方博弈的考驗,值得持續關注和深入探討。

以上文章由特價GPT API KEY所翻譯及撰寫。而圖片則由FLUX根據內容自動生成。

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{
"intro": "Create an ultra realistic 8K UHD DSLR photo based on the attached image as a reference of facial features, maintaining 100% likeness.",

"subject": {
"identity": "A stylish beautiful woman portrayed as Cleopatra, the eternal Queen of Egypt, radiating supreme authority, elegance, and divine power.",
"angle": "Full-body editorial portrait captured at a cinematic 3/4 angle, both Cleopatra and the horse positioned diagonally, rendered in ultra-crisp clarity with no blur.",
"pose": {
"body_position": "She is riding a majestic white horse, seated confidently with impeccable royal posture, her torso slightly turned to a 3/4 angle to emphasize grace and dominance.",
"hands": "One hand gently holds the gold-accented reins, while the other rests elegantly near her waist, displaying ornate jewelry.",
"expression": "She looks directly at the camera with a calm, commanding, and seductive gaze—the unmistakable presence of a queen born to rule."
}
},

"appearance": {
"outfit": "An opulent, ultra-bongga Cleopatra couture gown in pristine white and radiant gold. The gown features a sculpted corset bodice richly embroidered with gold hieroglyphic motifs, sun-disk patterns, and crystal beadwork. Flowing white silk, chiffon, and sheer organza panels cascade dramatically from the waist and shoulders, creating powerful movement as she rides. A daring thigh-high slit reveals her leg, balancing sensuality with imperial elegance. Every seam is traced with gold-thread embroidery for a luminous, goddess-like silhouette.",
"accessories": "She wears the exact Cleopatra headpiece from the attached reference image: a regal black-and-gold striped nemes-style headdress with a polished gold cobra (uraeus) centerpiece at the forehead, structured side panels, and intricate gold detailing. Paired with a wide Egyptian collar necklace with turquoise accents, engraved gold arm cuffs, crystal finger rings, an ornate gold waist belt, delicate anklets, and elegant flat Egyptian sandals.",
"hair": "Her hair is fully concealed beneath the nemes headpiece as shown in the reference image, ensuring perfect historical accuracy and symmetry.",
"makeup": "Ultra-bold, highly colorful Egyptian eye makeup with ceremonial ink artistry. Her eyes feature sharp elongated black kohl eyeliner extended dramatically past the outer corners, layered with vivid turquoise, teal, emerald green, sapphire blue, violet, and metallic gold pigments blended in high-fashion gradients. Beneath each eye, intricate hand-drawn ink designs inspired by ancient Egyptian symbolism are visible—fine black and gold lines, dots, and sacred motifs echoing hieroglyphs and protective markings, following the natural curve of the lower eye and cheekbone. Her complexion is flawless and softly bronzed with luminous highlights, brows are sculpted and powerful, cheeks carry a subtle coral-rose flush, and lips are finished in a refined nude-rose satin tone to balance the intense, artistic eye look."
},

"props": {
"animal": "A powerful, majestic white horse with a flowing ivory mane, sculpted muscles, and intelligent dark eyes. The horse wears elegant white-and-gold tack engraved with Egyptian motifs, symbolizing royal conquest, divine favor, and sovereignty."
},

"background": {
"macro_environment": "A vast open desert landscape near the Egyptian palace and pyramids at golden hour, stretching endlessly beneath a dramatic sky glowing with gold, amber, and soft ivory tones.",
"midground_details": "Distant pyramids rising from the sand, monumental stone statues, ceremonial banners moving in the wind, and faint silhouettes of royal guards and attendants placed far behind for scale.",
"micro_elements": "Fine desert sand lifted by the horse’s movement, sharply defined gold engravings on the reins, visible embroidery threads on the gown, subtle translucency of sheer fabrics, radiant light reflections on gold surfaces, and crisp, realistic shadows—everything rendered with extreme clarity and zero blur."
},

"lighting": {
"type": "Cinematic natural golden-hour lighting with soft reflective highlights.",
"effect": "Warm sunlight intensifies the white-and-gold palette, ignites the vibrant eye makeup colors and ink details, and illuminates the horse’s coat, creating a radiant, divine, editorial glow."
},

"camera": {
"camera_type": "DSLR",
"resolution": "8K UHD",
"lens": "50mm prime lens",
"aperture": "f/8 for maximum sharpness across subject and background",
"iso": 100,
"shutter_speed": "1/250s to freeze motion while maintaining realism",
"focus": "Extreme sharp focus from foreground to background, no bokeh, no blur"
},

"style": "High-fashion editorial, cinematic realism, divine Egyptian royalty, white-and-gold couture contrasted with vibrant ceremonial eye art, powerful, sensual, ultra-detailed, sharp, majestic"
} A young woman with fair skin is taking a selfie inside a fitness center (gym).

Main Subject: A young woman with long black hair in a messy bun. She is wearing a light cream or ivory long-sleeved sports zipper jacket and black tight sports shorts. She is also wearing long white socks with black stripes at the top and white sports shoes.

Expression and Pose: She is sitting on a weight training machine (apparently a leg press machine or similar) and holding a phone (with a leopard/leopard print case) to take a selfie in the mirror or using the front camera, with her face forward, a soft smile, and her face and eyes looking at the mirror.

Background (Gym): The background is dominated by modern gym equipment in dark gray and red. There are a few other unfocused people in the background, including a man on the left lifting weights or standing near a barbell, and another man in a green shirt standing near equipment. The gym floor appears dark.

Brief Prompt (Suitable for Image Search or Hashtags):

Selfie in the gym, young woman with messy bun and cream jacket, sitting on a training machine, aesthetic sporty, indoor lighting. Without changing her face. {
  "image_generation_request": {
    "prompt": "Ultra-realistic portrait of a man walking toward the camera on an airport runway at night He wears a white long-sleeve shirt with sleeves rolled up and dress pants, shoes. The camera is very close, capturing his face sharply - textures of skin, smoke from his lips, and subtle reflections of firelight in his eyes. Behind him, slightly out of focus, a commercial airplane is burning intensely, with huge flames, roaring firestorms, and thick black smoke rising high. The fiery glow casts dramatic orange highlights on his shirt and face, creating deep shadows and a gritty, cinematic mood. Wet runway reflects the blaze, enhancing the dramatic atmosphere.",
    "dimensions": {
      "width": 1200,
      "height": 1200
    },
    "style_descriptors": [
      "Cinematic",
      "Photorealistic",
      "Gritty",
      "Dramatic Lighting",
      "Macro Photography",
      "8k resolution"
    ],
    "subject_details": {
      "action": "Walking toward camera, smoking",
      "clothing": "White long-sleeve shirt (rolled sleeves), dress pants, shoes",
      "facial_features": "Sharp focus, skin texture, firelight reflection in eyes"
    },
    "environment_details": {
      "location": "Airport runway at night",
      "background": "Commercial airplane burning, intense fire, thick black smoke, out of focus",
      "ground": "Wet runway, reflecting fire"
    }
  }
}