【貿戰風雲】特朗普關稅風暴:最高法院裁決引發千億退款危機




美國最高法院即將裁決特朗普關稅案 或引發一萬億美元退稅危機

特朗普時代關稅面臨挑戰 最高法院裁決在即

美國最高法院正準備對一宗具重大影響力的案件作出裁決,該案關乎前總統特朗普時期對中國及其他國家徵收的數千億美元進口關稅是否合法。這次判決不僅可能影響美國政府的財政收入,更可能令美國政府面臨高達一萬億美元的退稅危機,對全球貿易格局帶來深遠影響。

案件背景:特朗普關稅政策的爭議

特朗普政府於2018年,引用一項冷戰時期的法律——《1962年貿易擴展法》第232條,理由是國家安全,對來自中國、歐盟、加拿大等國的鋼鐵、鋁及其他產品徵收高額關稅。這些關稅措施引起貿易夥伴強烈不滿,並觸發一連串報復性關稅,導致全球貿易緊張局勢升溫。

多家美國進口商及企業對此提出訴訟,質疑特朗普政府是否越權,指控其繞過國會,濫用行政權力徵稅。這批案件經過多年訴訟,最終來到最高法院審理。

潛在影響:巨額退稅與政策不確定性

如果最高法院裁定特朗普政府徵收的關稅屬違憲或程序有誤,美國政府理論上要向進口商退回過去數年多徵的關稅。據估算,這筆金額可高達一萬億美元,將對美國聯邦財政構成極大壓力。

同時,這也會為拜登政府及未來任何一任總統設下法律先例,限制其以「國家安全」為由,單方面實施貿易壁壘的權力。對於美國企業來說,這種政策不確定性亦會影響投資及供應鏈規劃。

全球貿易格局或現新變數

美國徵收關稅的做法,過去一直被視為針對中國製造業崛起及全球產業鏈重組的核心工具。若今次最高法院推翻這些關稅,將削弱美國政府未來利用關稅作為談判籌碼的能力,甚至可能引發其他國家要求美國退還過去數年因貿易戰而損失的經濟利益。

業界及政界反應

美國進口商普遍歡迎最高法院介入,認為可以還原貿易秩序,減輕企業負擔。但部分國會議員及國安機構則擔心,一旦行政部門權力受限,會削弱美國在全球經濟安全上的主動權。

同時,部分專家指出,若美國真的要退還巨額關稅,可能會引發新一輪財政赤字或稅務調整,甚至影響美元地位及全球金融市場穩定。

香港編輯評論:美國「國安」關稅的兩難與全球化的反思

這宗案件其實是美國近年「國家安全」成為萬用理由的縮影。特朗普時代以國安之名徵收關稅,既是對中國崛起的直接回應,也是美國自身產業空心化與民粹壓力的產物。今次最高法院的裁決,無論結果如何,都會對美國未來的貿易政策設下重要界線。

若判決推翻關稅,美國政府的貿易工具將受限,意味著單邊主義和「以關稅為武器」的時代或許會告一段落。這對全球供應鏈和香港這類貿易樞紐來說,或許是喘息的機會。但同時,巨額退稅的財政壓力,亦可能令美國進一步收緊其他領域的政策,甚至加劇國內外的經濟不穩。

反過來說,若最高法院維持關稅合法,則「國安」將繼續成為貿易政策的尚方寶劍。這種模糊的法理界線,會令全球貿易規則進一步碎片化,貿易戰陰影難以消散。

對香港企業和投資者而言,這宗案件提醒我們,全球化時代下的「規則」愈來愈受地緣政治影響。面對這種不確定性,靈活分散市場、加強風險管理,或成為新常態。美國最高法院的判決,將不只是美國的事,更是全球經濟新秩序的分水嶺。

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