【貿戰風雲】特朗普主導日資5500億美投資,美夢抑或泡影?




美日貿易協議賦予特朗普對5500億美元投資的控制權,或成其他國家範本

美國與日本達成了一項貿易協議,其中一個重要條款是日本承諾在美國的關鍵行業投資5500億美元。這筆資金將由白宮在特朗普總統的指導下投入,可能使他在美國工業政策上擁有更大的話語權。然而,具體細節仍然不明,分析人士對此表示懷疑。

作為設定對日本15%關稅的協議的一部分,白宮表示,這包括一個「日美投資工具」,將在特朗普總統的指導下投入戰略性行業。根據政府的資料,這些行業包括能源基礎設施和生產、半導體、關鍵礦物、製藥和造船業。美國將保留90%的利潤,儘管日本政府認為利潤將根據「各方的貢獻和風險程度」進行分配。

財政部長Scott Bessent強調,這項基金是美日能夠達成低於特朗普早先威脅的25%關稅的關鍵原因。他在接受彭博電視採訪時表示,這一創新的融資機制使得日本獲得了15%的稅率。

分析人士指出,這一協議為其他汽車出口國如韓國提供了一個合理的藍圖,因為這些國家與美國有類似的貿易特徵,如高額的經常賬盈餘、高美國出口以及不太開放的國內市場。

同時,美國也在與歐盟和其他貿易夥伴談判,以趕在8月1日的最後期限之前達成協議,屆時特朗普對互惠關稅的暫停將到期。

不過,華爾街對這5500億美元是否會真正實現表示懷疑。野村研究所的執行經濟學家Takahide Kiuchi指出,這一投資承諾僅僅是一個目標,而非具有約束力的承諾。他解釋說,「在特朗普政府下,許多日本公司可能認為,由於關稅和其他因素,美國的商業環境正在惡化。此外,按當前匯率計算,美國的勞動力成本極高,對日本企業來說,擴大在美投資的動機不大。反而,我們可能會看到更多企業轉向分散投資,遠離美國。」

另一方面,外交關係委員會的高級研究員Brad Setser也對這筆資金表示懷疑。他在社交媒體上表示,「這可能只是一個空頭支票,超出已知的交易(如阿拉斯加液化天然氣項目)。如果美國幾乎完全依賴他國資金來推動自己的工業戰略,那將是很奇怪的(並且可能會在未來引發問題)。」

一位熟悉此事的消息人士向《財富》雜誌透露,5500億美元的許多細節尚未敲定,包括投資的時間框架、諮詢委員會以及防止潛在利益衝突的措施。但該消息人士補充說,這項投資將由日本政府資助,而不僅僅是東京購買商品或引導日本公司將投資投入美國的承諾。

這也意味著日本將提供資金來資助可能在私營部門的項目,消息人士表示,舉例來說,一家芯片公司可能會在美國建廠。在這種情況下,投資工具可以資助工廠建設,並以優惠條件將其租給芯片公司,90%的租金收入將歸美國政府所有。

這5500億美元的承諾出現之際,特朗普的關稅面臨法律挑戰,法院將在周四舉行聽證會,以決定總統是否有權根據《國際緊急經濟權力法》實施廣泛的關稅。

這可能使得各國在未來承諾大量資金以獲得即時的關稅減免具有吸引力,同時在法律糾紛進行期間拖延時間。

Piper Sandler的分析師認為特朗普的關稅是非法的,並指出日本的5500億美元投資幾乎沒有具體細節。

「我們的貿易夥伴和大型跨國公司知道特朗普的關稅在法律上站不住腳,」他們寫道。「因此,我們很難相信他們中的許多人會因應可能不會持續的關稅而在美國進行巨額投資。」

評論:

這篇報導揭示了美日貿易協議的複雜性及其潛在的全球影響。從表面上看,這項協議似乎是特朗普政府的一個重要勝利,因為它不僅降低了對日本的關稅,還承諾了一筆巨額投資。然而,深入分析後,我們發現這一協議可能更像是一個政治策略,而非實質性的經濟承諾。

首先,這5500億美元的投資承諾缺乏具體細節,這使得其實現的可能性大打折扣。日本企業可能因美國高昂的勞動力成本和不確定的商業環境而猶豫不決。其次,這樣的協議可能會促使其他國家效仿,以獲得類似的關稅優惠,但這也可能導致全球貿易的進一步複雜化,因為各國可能會採取不同的策略來保護自己的經濟利益。

此外,特朗普的關稅政策本身也面臨法律挑戰,這進一步增加了不確定性。如果這些關稅最終被裁定為非法,這將削弱美國在談判中的立場,並可能迫使政府重新考慮其貿易戰略。

總體而言,這篇文章提醒我們,在國際貿易中,政治和經濟決策往往交織在一起,並且需要仔細考慮其長期影響。未來幾年,這一協議的結果將對全球經濟格局產生深遠影響。

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