【貿戰風雲】最高法院料裁定關稅退稅 商界大執位?




關於關稅退款的可能性增大……但同時帶來龐大混亂

美國最高法院於周三就一宗具里程碑意義的關稅案件進行口頭辯論,該案件或將導致數百億美元的關稅退款。特朗普政府試圖維持大部分關稅的立場,在多位保守派及自由派大法官面前遭遇嚴重質疑,使企業獲得關稅退款的可能性大幅提升。

退款對象究竟是誰?

根據美國海關與邊境保護局(CBP)的數據,截至9月23日,聯邦政府已從被挑戰的關稅中收取近900億美元收入,且該數字預計會繼續增加,直至判決結果出爐,這過程可能需時數月。

然而,究竟哪些企業能獲得退款,目前仍未明朗。特朗普任命的大法官艾米·科尼·巴雷特在庭上質疑代表小型及中型企業的前代理訟務總長尼爾·卡塔爾,詢問若勝訴,退款流程會否混亂。卡塔爾認為其代表的五家企業理應獲得退款,但其他企業的退款程序將相當複雜。巴雷特直言「即係一團糟?」卡塔爾坦言確實困難。

貿易律師托馬斯·貝萊恩指出,除了卡塔爾代表的五家企業外,其他企業未必自動有資格退款,可能需要向下級法院提出個別上訴。

貝萊恩建議進口商密切留意過去數月的進口記錄及關稅結算時間,並爭取延期結算或向CBP提出抗議,以防止進口記錄正式結算,增加申請退款的機會。

退款時間及方式

卡塔爾提及1998年最高法院關於港口維護費的判決,當時進口商獲得了關稅退款,但該過程耗時兩年,退款總額約7.3億美元,遠低於現時案件涉及的數百億美元。

法律專家艾希莉·艾克斯表示,鑑於預期退款金額龐大,CBP可能會採用簡化或自動化的退款流程,進口商或需透過CBP表格更新付款資料。但自動全面退款的可能性較低,通常需提交具體申請。退款可能會附帶法定利息。

華爾街的介入

數月來,包括奧本海默和傑富瑞在內的投資銀行積極接觸進口商,試圖以折扣價購買潛在關稅退款的權益,換取即時現金。若最高法院判決不利於特朗普政府,這些銀行將從企業放棄的退款中獲得分成。

奧本海默於7月發放的市場推廣資料指出,企業可即時獲得的現金約為退款金額的20%至30%,此舉可降低風險,避免等待法院最終判決,亦免除公開法律申請可能招致特朗普政府不滿。

關稅顧問凱爾·皮考克表示,購買退款權益的企業推銷手法相當激進,特別針對財務較緊張的進口商,提供極低的報價,僅佔未來潛在退款的5%至7%。這令部分已出售退款權益的客戶感到後悔,而未出售的則較為謹慎樂觀。

評論與啟示

這宗案件凸顯了美國關稅政策與司法體系交織下的複雜性。關稅本意為保護國內產業,但當政策被質疑違憲,涉及的巨額退款將引發法律與行政層面的巨大混亂。企業在面臨不確定性的同時,還要應對金融市場的投機行為,這種「退款權益交易」本質上是將未來的不確定收益折現變現,對財務狀況較弱的企業而言,雖可短期解決現金流問題,但長遠看可能損失更大。

此外,這反映出美國政治與經濟政策的高度分裂,法院的判決不僅影響法律權威,也直接牽動市場與企業決策。進口商和投資銀行的互動,亦展示了金融市場如何在政策風險中尋找套利機會。

對香港及其他貿易依賴型經濟體來說,這提醒我們關注全球貿易政策變動及其法律風險,並需謹慎評估涉足類似市場的金融產品。企業應強化風險管理,避免被短期現金誘惑蒙蔽,保持對政策走向的敏銳判斷,才能在全球經濟波動中保持穩健。

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