【貿戰風雲】最高法院審特朗普關鍵關稅案 影響90億收入




貿易協議與900億美元關稅收入:本週最高法院標誌性案件的關鍵焦點

美國最高法院即將開始審理一宗被前總統特朗普稱為「我國歷史上最重要的案件之一」的案件。此案關乎特朗普政府以《國際緊急經濟權力法》(IEEPA)為依據,對多個主要貿易夥伴徵收高額關稅的合法性。

特朗普曾利用該法律,對印度、巴西等國徵收高達50%的進口稅率,今年更對中國徵收高達145%的關稅。若最高法院判決不利於特朗普,雖不會立即取消所有關稅,但將對特朗普的整體經濟策略帶來重大衝擊。

以下是最高法院裁決可能帶來的影響:

近900億美元的關稅收入面臨挑戰

根據美國海關與邊境保護局數據,截至9月23日,美國企業已支付近900億美元的IEEPA關稅,佔2025財政年度(截至9月30日)關稅總收入的一半以上。特朗普早前接受福克斯商業頻道訪問時表示,若最高法院判決不利,美國政府可能需要退還已收取的關稅款項。

不過,即使案件審理期間企業仍需繼續繳納關稅,潛在的退款金額將持續累積。退款流程預計將複雜且漫長,且並非所有繳納關稅的企業都能獲得退款,最終由法官裁定。

貿易協議的未來充滿不確定性

特朗普利用即時調高關稅的威脅,成功迫使多國與美國簽訂貿易協議,這些協議包括增加美國商品採購、提升對美國企業投資,以及降低對美國出口商品的關稅。

若最高法院判決IEEPA關稅違法,這些協議的基礎將受到動搖。Dorsey & Whitney國際貿易部門合夥人Dave Townsend指出,政府可能會聲稱協議依然有效,但貿易夥伴或會重新談判,甚至採取報復性關稅,對美國出口造成影響。

特朗普關稅政策的未來走向

美國總統歷來擁有多種徵收關稅的法律工具,但特朗普第二任期主要依賴兩種:IEEPA關稅和第232條款關稅。後者基於國家安全理由,需經商務部調查,僅能針對特定產業徵稅,今年已用於汽車、鋼鐵、鋁材等行業。

無論最高法院如何裁決,特朗普仍可運用第232條款及其他關稅工具,但這些工具無法像IEEPA關稅般迅速調整稅率,失去IEEPA關稅將削弱總統快速調整貿易政策的能力。

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評論與分析

這宗最高法院案件不僅是對特朗普個人政策的法律審視,更是對美國未來貿易政策靈活性和國家經濟策略的深刻考驗。IEEPA關稅的快速調整機制,曾讓特朗普政府在國際貿易談判中握有強大籌碼,但同時也引發不少爭議和法律挑戰。

若最高法院判定IEEPA關稅違法,將迫使美國政府回歸更傳統且程序繁複的關稅調整方式,這或許會降低美國在全球貿易談判中的即時反應能力,影響美國企業的競爭力和國際地位。

此外,這亦提醒我們,經濟政策的合法性與持續性同樣重要,任何政策若缺乏穩固的法律基礎,都可能在關鍵時刻遭遇重大挫折。對於香港及全球市場而言,這場法院審理將對全球供應鏈和貿易環境帶來深遠影響,值得密切關注。

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