【貿戰風雲】中國掌控17稀土礦爆貿易戰,特朗普大發雷霆!

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解釋:什麼是「17元素」?它們如何成為中美貿易戰的焦點,並讓特朗普感到憤怒

中國在關鍵礦物的生產和加工方面佔據主導地位,對全球產業具有重要影響力。在貿易緊張局勢中,中國限制了稀土出口,這導致與美國的談判。雖然已宣布達成潛在協議,但北京不太可能在沒有重大讓步的情況下放棄控制。美國在國內生產方面落後,面臨建立競爭供應鏈的挑戰。

據報導,中國控制著全球大約60%的關鍵礦物生產和近90%的加工,主導著對電子、汽車和國防工業至關重要的材料。

美國依賴中國這些礦物被視為戰略弱點。四月,中國限制稀土礦物出口以回應特朗普的關稅增加。稀土礦物的出口限制據說讓特朗普總統感到憤怒。6月11日,特朗普在Truth Social上宣布,中國同意作為貿易協議的一部分向美國供應這些礦物,稱其為「完成」,但指出仍需他和習近平總統的最終批准。

中國對關鍵礦物的控制在貿易談判中是一個強有力的談判籌碼,如最近的美中討論所示。通過放鬆出口限制,中國可以獲得讓步,例如關稅減免或放寬簽證政策,如談判中所暗示的,特朗普聲稱在獲得中國磁鐵和礦物方面取得了進展。然而,北京不太可能在沒有美國重大讓步(如取消對中國商品的關稅)的情況下解除其出口管制,正如中國專家所建議的那樣。

美國超過70%的稀土從中國進口,國內生產遠遠落後。儘管最近的努力,建立一個競爭的供應鏈可能需要數十年。

什麼是「17元素」被稱為稀土礦物

稀土礦物是一組17種元素,包括釔、鈧和15種鑭系元素,這些元素存在於地殼中。儘管它們的名字,這些元素相對豐富,但提取和加工它們是複雜、昂貴且對環境有害的。

這些礦物對高科技行業至關重要,為從智能手機屏幕和電動汽車馬達到國防系統和醫療設備提供動力。例如,「重」稀土如鏑是製造用於導彈和電動車的強大耐熱磁鐵所必需的,而其他如釹對於風力渦輪機至關重要。

其他關鍵礦物如鎢、鎵、鍺和銻對於先進技術尤其是半導體和國防應用也至關重要。

中國如何以及為什麼佔據主導地位

中國控制著全球稀土和其他關鍵礦物的供應鏈,這使其在國際貿易和地緣政治中具有重要影響力。自1990年代以來,中國戰略性地建立了一個強大的工業生態系統,用於開採、加工和精煉這些礦物。1992年,領導人鄧小平曾經著名地宣稱:「中東有石油,中國有稀土」,這表明北京有意利用其儲量。

今天,中國生產了全球約60-80%的稀土、鎢、鎵、鍺和銻。贛州,位於南方的一個城市,是全球稀土開採和加工的中心。其礦山和工廠由當地專業知識支持,支撐著中國的主導地位。然而,資源枯竭是一個不斷增長的挑戰,推動中國公司從非洲和柬埔寨進口原材料,或投資於海外項目,如在泰國建設的價值2500萬美元的鎢工廠。

中國使用出口許可證來調節關鍵礦物的運輸,為美國和日本等國家創造供應鏈瓶頸。這一系統在應對美國關稅和技術限制時收緊,使北京能夠擾亂全球製造。例如,延誤已經阻止了歐洲汽車零部件的生產,並影響了特斯拉的機器人項目。

即使礦物在其他地方開採,中國也加工了世界上大部分的供應。例如,美國唯一的稀土礦山在加利福尼亞州的Mountain Pass,將其礦石運往中國進行精煉,因為美國缺乏足夠的國內設施。

歷史上,中國曾經利用這一影響力。2010年,由於領土爭端,中國停止了對日本的稀土出口,促使日本多元化和儲備。今天的出口管制對美國和歐洲造成了類似的風險,那裡的行業面臨生產延誤和成本上升。

這篇文章揭示了中國在稀土礦物領域的主導地位如何影響全球貿易格局,尤其是在中美之間的貿易談判中。中國的策略不僅體現了其對全球供應鏈的控制,也反映了其在國際舞台上運用經濟實力的能力。這對其他國家,尤其是美國來說,是一個警醒,促使他們重新評估自己的供應鏈和產業戰略,以減少對單一國家的依賴。這種情況也說明了全球化背景下資源分佈不均帶來的挑戰,這需要國際社會共同努力來尋找解決方案。

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