【貿戰風雲】中國挑戰印度電動車獎勵 WTO貿易戰升溫

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Ultra-realistic, vibrant aerial adventure photograph captures a joyful man (same face as reference image, 100% accuracy) paragliding high above a breathtaking tropical coastline. He is seated comfortably in his black and orange harness, legs dangling freely, facing the camera with a wide, excited smile, teeth showing, conveying pure exhilaration. He sports dark brown hair and a light beard,wearing a bright red t-shirt emblazoned with 'style' in bold white text within a blackCteate a Ultra-realistic, vibrant aerial adventure photograph in 9:16 ratio captures a joyful man (same face as reference image, 100% accuracy) paragliding high above a breathtaking tropical coastline. He is seated comfortably in his black and orange harness, legs dangling freely, facing the camera with a wide, excited smile, teeth showing, conveying pure exhilaration. He sports dark brown hair and a light beard,wearing a bright red t-shirt emblazoned with 'style' in bold white text within a blackrectangle, layered beneath an open blue and black plaid long-sleeved shirt. His attire includes grey cargo shorts, white socks, and distinctive red, white, and black high-top sneakers. In his left hand, he holds a black selfie stick, while his right grasps the paragliding control lines. The stunning backdrop features crystal-clear turquoise and deep blue ocean revealing intricate coral reefs and gentle breaking waves near a pristine white sandy beach. A charming coastal town with numerouswhite buildings is nestled against lush, emerald-green, tree-covered hills, which ascend to distant, hazy mountains under a softly clouded sky. Another yellow paraglider gracefully soars in the distance, and a long concrete pier extends into the tranquil water. The scene is illuminated by bright, diffused natural light, creating an exhilarating, free-spirited, and idyllic tropical mood, with a color palette dominated by vivid turquoises, deep blues, and verdant greens, beautifully contrastedby the crisp whites of the beach and town, and the bold reds of his clothing and footwear.

美國關稅壓力下,中國向 WTO 投訴印度電動車和汽車獎勵措施

中國正式向世界貿易組織(WTO)提出投訴,指控印度的生產鏈激勵(PLI)計劃針對先進化學電池、汽車和電動車製造業,違反全球貿易規則。

根據 WTO 20 日的溝通文件,中國請求與印度進行磋商,援引 WTO 的爭端解決機制,理由是印度的措施偏袒國內商品而歧視進口商品,尤其是中國商品。

北京聲稱,這些措施違反印度在《補貼和反補貼措施協議》(SCM)、《1994 年關稅及貿易總協定》(GATT 1994)及《貿易相關投資措施協議》(TRIMs)下的義務。

WTO 文件指出:「……由於上述原因,相關措施似乎使中國根據上述協議直接或間接享有的利益受到取消或減損。」

中國表示,希望收到印度的回應,並同意一個雙方方便的日期進行磋商。

此次投訴特別針對印度三個計劃:國家先進化學電池儲存計劃、汽車和汽車零部件行業的 PLI 計劃,以及促進電動客車製造的計劃。

中國稱,這些計劃的資格準則和獎勵發放條件偏袒國內生產,歧視進口中國商品,違反 WTO 的國民待遇原則,要求進口商品在進入國內市場後應受到與國內商品同等的待遇。

將補貼與國內增值(DVA)目標掛鉤,限制公平貿易,鼓勵使用印度製造的零部件而非進口商品。

### 印度製造業政策受質疑

這一挑戰凸顯了印度在「自給自足印度」(Aatmanirbhar Bharat)和「印度製造」(Make in India)政策下的工業政策舉措與 WTO 規則之間的緊張關係,後者旨在防止歧視性貿易行為。

印度和中國是重要的貿易夥伴,貿易關係中存在持續的貿易逆差。2024-25 財年,印度對中國的出口下降 14.5% 至 142.5 億美元,而進口增長 11.52% 至 1134.5 億美元,擴大印度與中國的貿易逆差至 992 億美元。

中國的投訴正值中國希望擴大電動車出口到印度之際,印度是汽車行業的重要市場。中國電動車製造商,如比亞迪,正在尋求海外市場,以國內產能過剩和價格戰壓低本地銷售和利潤。

中國電動車出口在 2025 年前 8 個月同比增長 51%,但在國外銷售面臨挑戰,特別是歐盟對中國電動車進口徵收 27% 的關稅。

印度政府已實施多項政策,如國家先進化學電池儲存計劃,撥款 18100 亿盧比用於 50 GWh 的產能,以促進國內電池生產,減少對進口的依賴並降低製造成本。

同樣,汽車和汽車零部件行業的 PLI 計劃於 2021 年 9 月獲批,預算為 25938 亿盧比,支持國內先進汽車技術產品的製造,旨在降低行業成本負擔,促進國內投資和創造就業機會。

此外,2024 年促進電動客車製造的計劃旨在通過吸引全球電動車公司投資和建設國內設施,將印度定位為先進電動車生產中心。

WTO 爭端解決程序始於磋商,如果磋商失敗,中國可能會請求設立專家組來審理主張。該案件標誌著印度工業激勵措施在全球貿易框架下的重大考驗,平衡國家製造業雄心與國際貿易義務。

編者按:中國向 WTO 投訴印度電動車和汽車獎勵措施,反映了全球貿易環境的微妙變化。印度在推動國內製造業發展的同時,必須謹慎處理國際貿易規則,以避免貿易糾紛的升級。同時,這也凸顯了中國在電動車出口方面的競爭壓力。

面對美國的關稅壓力,中國此次舉動被視為其在全球貿易舞台上的戰略調整。然而,印度在「自給自足印度」和「印度製造」政策下的工業政策舉措,是否會受到 WTO 的挑戰,仍有待觀察。

在全球貿易環境日益複雜的背景下,各國在推動國內經濟發展的同時,必須注重遵守國際貿易規則,以維護全球貿易的穩定和公平競爭。